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1、Research framework,question and hypotheses,Weng,Li ChuehCGU,Frameworks,Framework is the abstract,logical structure of meaning that guides the development of the study and enables the researcher to links the finding to nursing s body of knowledge.A framework should be well integrated with the methodo
2、logy.,A testable theory that emerge from a conceptual model or from clinical observations.(quantitative studies)A philosophy or world view(qualitative studies),Demographic variables;socio-psychological variables,SusceptibilitySeriousness,Threat,Taking preventive health action,Benefit minus barriers,
3、Cues to actionMass mediaAdvice newspaper,The health belief model(Becker et al.,1974),Stage 1Recognition,Stage 2Digestion,Stage 3Decision making,Stage 4Reinforcement,Stage 5Resolution,Having no choice:priority of life,only LDLT,for family,only me,Reaching a decision:anxiety and conflict,Facing transp
4、lantation:impatience and nervousness,Definition of terms,Construct,Concept,variablesA concept is a term that abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon.“anxiety”A variable is more specific than a concept.It is more concrete and measurable.A conceptual definition differs from the denotati
5、ve definition of a word.,Abstract,Concrete,Emotional response,Variables,Concept,Construct,Palm sweating,Anxiety,Concept synthesis:the process of describing and naming a previously unrecognized concept.Concept derivation:obtained from theories in other disciplines.Concept analysis:explore the various
6、 ways the term is used and to identify a set of characteristics*Measurement depends on the conceptual definition,Human trait,Moral imperative,Affect,Interpersonal interaction,Therapeutic intervention,Patients subjective experience,Patients physical response,Relational statement,A relationship of som
7、e kinds exists between or among two or more concepts.The objective,question,or hypothesis formulatedThe design of the studyThe statistical analysisThe type of finding expected,characteristics,Direction:positive,negative,or unknownShape:linear,curvilinearStrength:effect sizeSymmetrySequencing:time(co
8、ncurrent,sequential),B,A,A,B,B,A,?,A,B,OR,B,A,negative,positive,unknown,symmetrical,A,B,concurrent,low,high,high,Concept B,Concept A,Linear relationship,learning,anxiety,low,high,high,curvilinear relationship,Probability of occurrence:deterministic or probabilistic(p value)Necessity(necessary or sub
9、stitutable):one concept must occur for the second concept to occurSufficiency(sufficient or contingent)Statement hierarchy(general propositions,specific proposition,hypotheses),General proposition:內在或外在的刺激會正向影響身體反應(刺激越大,身體反應越大)Specific proposition:運動的活動度會正向影響肌肉整合性(運動量越大,肌肉整合性越大)Hypothesis:假使護理人員運用適當
10、的活動協助病人維持肌肉張力,則病人因為不動帶來問題會較少,Conceptual model,A conceptual model is a set of highly abstract,related construct that broadly explains phenomena of interest,expresses assumptions,and reflects a philosophical stance.Grand nursing theoryCan not test directly through researchA framework could include a c
11、onceptual model and a theory,Theory,A theory is more narrow and specific than a conceptual model and is directly testable.A theory consists of an integrate set of defined concept,existence statement,and relational statements.Scientific theorySubstantive theoryTentative theory(intervention theory,mid
12、dle range theory),Tentative theory,Tentative theories may be developed from clinical insights,from elements of existing theories not previously related,or from conceptual models.The researcher need to express the concrete ideas in more abstract language.,attachment,Mother visit,Infant weight,thrivin
13、g,variable,concept,concrete,abstract,+,+,Conceptual map,A strategy for expressing a frameworkDiagrams the interrelationships of the concepts and statementsA conceptual map should be supported by references from the literatureA well-developed conceptual map may facilitate building a body of knowledge
14、 related to a particular theory.,The step of constructing a study framework,Selecting and defining conceptsDeveloping relational statementDeveloping hierarchical statementConstruction a conceptual map 將概念畫在一張紙上,依他們可能出現的順序排列,由左而右;利用箭頭將兩個概念作連結,清楚的研究目的、研究問題概念定義確認完整的文獻查證有論述足以支持各概念之間的關係,Practice 1,問題解決:指
15、的是病人能夠確認及處理相關問題夥伴關係:指的是病人能夠與醫護人員的合作與互動自我照顧行為:指的是病人所執行的自我監測、尋求協助及調適等行為自我效能:是指病人在執行相關自我管理行為時的信心(把握)的程度,本研究由個案經驗與參考相關測量工具而擬定自我效能量表 生理心理壓力:本研究所指的身心壓力是腎臟移植病人在接受移植手術後所面臨的生理與心理的壓力。在生理壓力部份,包括感染、排斥與共病症等;心理壓力:包括:憂鬱情緒、壓力感受及症狀困擾等生活品質:涵蓋生理、心理、社會等層面,是一主觀的幸福和諧感,Are all the concepts include?Are all concepts define?
16、Does the map portray the phenomenon clearly?Does the map accurately reflect the statement?Is there a statement for each linkage?Is the sequence accurate?,The steps of extracting statements,先選出理論中的一小部分,討論兩個或三個概念之間的關係將所看到的關係用一個簡單的句子寫出來以圖呈現再進行下一小部分,重複寫出及畫出,直到所有的概念、關係陳述都完成檢視每個圖中的連結(概念與概念),符合邏輯且越來越清楚,The
17、 early interpersonal environment interacts with genetic predispositions to lay the framework for social problem-solving capabilities.Social competence,including social problem-solving skills,results from complex interactions between child and his or her environment.Parental role models,child-rearing
18、 practices,and day to day interactions between parents and children teach both a general orientation to everyday problems and the skills necessary for solving them(Gauvain,2001),環境,雙親角色養育工作每日互動,社會問題解決能力,人際關係,基因傾向,孩童,Constructing a study framework from substantive theory,Concepts must be defined by t
19、heorist.Operational definition must be consistent with the conceptual definitionPrevious studies must be discussedTest statement in a substantive theory,b,a,c,X,b B resource,Family adaptation,coping,c C Perception,a A pile-up,Well-being,Constructing a study framework on the basis of a conceptual mod
20、el,It cannot be directly tested.A middle-range theory based on the conceptual model must be availableThe framework must include both the conceptual model and the middle-range theoryRoy adaptation model(RAM),Theoretical substruction,A strategy for evaluating study frameworks.The logic consistency of
21、the theoretical systemThe interaction of the framework with the study methodology,Objectives,questions,and hypotheses,To bridge the gap between the abstractly stated research purpose and problem and the detailed design and plan for data collection and analysis.Delineate the research variables,the re
22、lationships among variables,and the population to be studied.,Formulating research objectives,Clear,concise,declarative statementTo identify the element or characteristics of variable XTo describe the existence of variable XTo determine the difference between two group regarding variable XTo identif
23、y the relationship between X and YTo determine prediction,本研究的目的(purpose)在檢視某一市立醫院急診,1840歲看診病人的胸痛發生率和cocaine使用的情形本研究的目的(objectives)在:1)描述1840歲因胸痛看診病人的cocaine使用率;2)確認基本屬性、生理、診斷和健康史和胸痛及cocaine使用之間是否有關係存在,Formulating research questions,Concise,interrogative statementHow is X?What is X?Is there a differ
24、ence?Is X related to Y and Z?What is the relationship between X and Y?Are X and Y useful to predicting Z?,Hypotheses,A hypothesis is the formal statement of the expected relationships between two or more variables in a specific populationHypotheses differ from objectives and questions by predicting
25、the outcomes of a study Rejection or support,Formulating hypotheses,Purpose of hypotheses1.Specify the variables2.Identify the population3.Indicate the type of research4.Direct the conduct of the studySource of hypotheses1.Real world,clinical site2.Theory(for testing)3.Literature review,Type of hypo
26、theses,Associative versus causal hypotheses X Y X YSimple versus complex hypotheses,Non-directional versus directional hypotheses(are relate to versus less,more,increase,decrease)Null hypotheses versus research hypothesesNull hypotheses:there is no relationship between the variables“there is no rela
27、tionship between A and B”“there is no effect of A on B”,Arrows,A direct relationship between variables()A reciprocal or bidirectional causal relationship()A()a correlation between endogenous variablesA()a correlation between exogenous variables,Developing hypotheses,Inductive thinking and deductive
28、thinkingExpertise and preference of the researcherResearch problemFor conducting a studyHypotheses are statement of relationship about population,not about study samples,Testing hypotheses,A testable hypothesis is one that contains variables that can be measured or manipulated in the world.Hypothese
29、s are not proven true or falseSupported or not supported,Objective or question or hypothesis,Existing knowledge baseThe framework of the studyThe expertise and preference of the researcherThe type of study to be conducted,This study has two aims:1)to describe the prevalence of depressive symptoms am
30、ong kidney transplant recipients,2)to examine the relationships among self-efficacy,self-care behaviors and depressive symptoms.Are adult liver transplant recipients depressed post-transplant?Are there gender difference in rates of depression after liver transplant?Is there a relationship between de
31、pression and return to work following liver transplant?External variables have a direct positive effect on behavioral belief Attitude have a direct effect on intention,Research variables,Qualities,properties,or characteristics of persons,things,or situations that change or vary.Concrete and directly
32、 measureable conceptQualitative study identify the elements of the study as concept,not variables,Type of variables,Independent and dependent variablesResearch variables or conceptExtraneous variables(confounding variables,environmental variable,context variables)Demographic variablesModerator and m
33、ediator variables,Job satisfaction,Turnover intention,Burnout,Professional commitment,H1,H2,Self-care behavior,Self efficacy,Depressive symptom,path diagram of the self-efficacy,self-care behavior and depressives symptoms,Operationalizing,Developing conceptual and operational definitions.Conceptual
34、definition provide the theoretical meaning of a concept or variableOperational definition is derived from a set of procedure or progressive acts that measure the existence of the variables,概念操作化,(1)發展概念的理論性定義;(2)由理論性定義中引出特定的變項(variable);(3)確認可觀察的指標(indicator);(4)發展出測量此指標的方法;(5)評價操作性定義的合適性(Waltz,Strickland&Lenz,1991)。概念通常會包含有許多的面向(dimensions),例如空針,就有長度、尖銳度、直徑、彎曲度等面向。Validity,clarity,precision,reliability,consistency,手臂淋巴水腫概念性定義:指乳癌病患治療後導致淋巴系統中斷,引起之組織液堆積操作性定義:多點手臂測量臂圍,當任一測量點處患肢與健肢的臂圍相差大於2公分即為淋巴水腫,