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1、TOEFL真题练习汇总 为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理了托福真题练习,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。TOEFL真题1As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.Market days saw the crowded city even mo
2、re crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Thir
3、d. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar.The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fai
4、rs provided ameans of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the f
5、airs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counte
6、rparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphias merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business,after all, in the ca
7、pital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle,but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphias
8、 agriculture importance(B) Philadelphias development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than
9、 older markets(B) the High Street Market was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition(B) association(C) produce(D) region4. The word i
10、t in line 6 refers to(A) the crowded city(B) a radius(C) the High Street Market(D) the period5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) returned(B) started(C) declined(D) continued6.According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says(B) as of
11、ten as possible(C) a couple of times a year(D) whenever the government allowed it7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that theywere items that(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were mo
12、re popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia(D) could easily be transported8. The word eradicate in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate(B) exploit(C) organize(D) operate9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that economic development was on themerchants side ?(A) Merchants
13、had a strong impact on economic expansion.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.10. The word undergoing in line 21 is closest in meaning
14、 to(A) requesting(B) experiencing(C) repeating(D) including托福阅读答案：BCDCD CBABBTOEFL真题2托福阅读文本：Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda,sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in t
15、he making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial NorthAmerica need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or
16、soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a
17、microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The seco
18、nd ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured o
19、ver them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as
20、half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the begin
21、ning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts to encourage the making of potash, beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.托福阅读题目：1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made
22、(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial NorthAmerica2.All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in
23、making glass.3. They phrase the latter in line 4 refers to(A) alkali(B) glass(C) sand(D) soap4. The word stressed in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) defined(B) emphasized(C) adjusted(D) mentioned5. The word interchangeable in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) convenient(B) identifiable(C) equiva
24、lent(D) advantageous6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial NorthAmerica because(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available(B) making potash required less time than making soda(C) potash was better than soda for making glass an
25、d soap(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use7.According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(B) fire(C) sand(D) water8. The word adjunct in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) addition(B) answer(C) problem(D) possibility9.According t
26、o the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods(B) it helped finance the creation of farms(C) it could be made with a variety of materials(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking10. According to paragraph 5, the
27、 softwoods in the South posed which of the following problemsfor southern settles?(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.(C) The softwoods were not very marketable.(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.托福阅读答案：DBDBCACABDTOEFL真题
28、3托福阅读文本：Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may
29、 be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, th
30、e way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to
31、be sensitive to that material.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese so
32、ciety rake sand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent
33、objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that societys art may also reflect the cul
34、tures social stratification.托福阅读题目：1.According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are(A) more difficult to handle than wood and(B) of their stable social conditions(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art(D) available only in specific locations2. The word conclusive in line 7 is clos
35、est in meaning to(A) definitive(B) controversial(C) concurrent(D) realistic3. The word apparent in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive(B) logical(C) evident(D) distinct4. Why does the author mention the supernatural powers of a stone or tree in line 10?(A) to show that some sculptors avoid
36、 working with specific materials(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs5. The word it in line 13 refers to(A) realization(B) society(C) e
37、xtent(D) influence6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because(A) they influenced each other stone(B) commonly used by artists in all societies(C) essential to create ceremonial objects(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways7.Accordi
38、ng to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT(A) It is used to create glass.(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.8. The word Moreover in line 16 is closest in mea
39、ning to(A) similarly(B) in addition(C) in contrast(D) frequently9. The word preoccupation in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) involvement(B) separation(C) relationship(D) argument10. The word primary in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) discrete(B) preliminary(C) ideal(D) fundamental托福阅读答案：DACC
40、B DBBADTOEFL真题4托福阅读文本：The term Hudson River school was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson Ri
41、ver school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and mono
42、polized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique
43、; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the American, native, or, occasionally
44、, New York school the most representative school of American art in any genre had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. T
45、he Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudsons port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with
46、those of Americas first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson.
47、 Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The NationalAcademy of Design(B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River(C) North American landscape paintings(D) The training of Am
