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1、中英文日报导航站,Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 16Psychological Disorders,中英文日报导航站,Psychological Disorders,Psychological Disordera“harmful dysfunction”in which behavior is judged to be:atypical-not enough in itselfdisturbing-varies with time and culturemaladaptive-harmfulunjustifiable-sometimes theres a good reas
2、on,中英文日报导航站,Historical Perspective,Perceived Causesmovements of sun or moonlunacy-full moonevil spiritsAncient Treatmentsexorcism,caged like animals,beaten,burned,castrated,mutilated,blood replaced with animals blood,中英文日报导航站,Psychological Disorders,Medical Modelconcept that diseases have physical c
3、ausescan be diagnosed,treated,and in most cases,curedassumes that these“mental”illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy,which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital,中英文日报导航站,Psychological Disorders,Bio-Psycho-Social Perspectiveassumes that biologic
4、al,sociocultural,and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders,中英文日报导航站,Psychological Disorders,中英文日报导航站,Psychological Disorders-Etiology,DSM-IVAmerican Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Fourth Edition)a widely used sys
5、tem for classifying psychological disorderspresently distributed as DSM-IV-TR(text revision),中英文日报导航站,Psychological Disorders-Etiology,Neurotic Disorder(term seldom used now)usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function sociallyPsychotic Disorderperson loses contact with r
6、ealityexperiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions,中英文日报导航站,Anxiety Disorders,Anxiety Disorders distressing,persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxietyGeneralized Anxiety Disorderperson is tense,apprehensive,and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal,中英文日报导航站,An
7、xiety Disorders,Panic Disordermarked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain,choking,or other frightening sensation,中英文日报导航站,Anxiety Disorders,Phobiapersistent,irrational fear of a specific object or situationObsessive-Compulsive Di
8、sorderunwanted repetitive thoughts(obsessions)and/or actions(compulsions),中英文日报导航站,Anxiety Disorders,Common and uncommon fears,中英文日报导航站,Anxiety Disorders,中英文日报导航站,Anxiety Disorders,PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/Compulsive disorderHigh metabolic activity(red)in frontal lobe areas involve
9、d with directing attention,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders,Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremesMajor Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person,for no apparent reason,experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods,feelings of worthlessness,and diminished interest or pleasure in mo
10、st activities,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders,Manic Episodea mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,wildly optimistic stateBipolar Disordera mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of maniaformerly called manic-depressive diso
11、rder,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders-Depression,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders-Depression,Canadian depression rates,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders-Suicide,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders-Bipolar,PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders-Depression,Altering any on
12、e component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders-Depression,The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point,中英文日报导航站,Dissociative Disorders,Dissociative Disordersconscious awareness becomes separated(dissociated)from previous memories,though
13、ts,and feelingsDissociative Identity Disorderrare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalitiesformerly called multiple personality disorder,中英文日报导航站,Schizophrenia,Schizophrenialiteral translation“split mind”a group of severe disorders characteri
14、zed by:disorganized and delusional thinkingdisturbed perceptionsinappropriate emotions and actions,中英文日报导航站,Schizophrenia,Delusionsfalse beliefs,often of persecution or grandeur,that may accompany psychotic disordersHallucinationssensory experiences without sensory stimulation,中英文日报导航站,Schizophrenia
15、,中英文日报导航站,Schizophrenia,中英文日报导航站,Schizophrenia,中英文日报导航站,Schizophrenia,中英文日报导航站,Personality Disorders,Personality Disordersdisorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioningusually without anxiety,depression,or delusions,中英文日报导航站,Personality Disorders,
16、Antisocial Personality Disorderdisorder in which the person(usually man)exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,even toward friends and family membersmay be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist,中英文日报导航站,Mood Disorders-Depression,Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal,中英文日报导航站,Personality Disorders,PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderers frontal cortex,中英文日报导航站,Personality Disorders,中英文日报导航站,Rates of Psychological Disorders,
