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1、口腔癌篩檢(口腔黏膜健康檢查、口腔黏膜病變篩檢)基本觀念與現場實技,韓良俊行政院衛生署癌症防治政策委員會委員台灣檳榔防制暨口腔癌防治盟主席行政院衛生署口腔醫學委員會主任委員,疾病預防之分類,初段預防二段預防三段預防,1.初段預防,重點放在從社區去除致病危險因子目的在減少社區中的疾病個案(即降低發生率)如所花成本合理,則在公共衛生及個別方面,皆屬最佳策略預防口腔癌主要在防制檳榔、菸、酒,2.二段預防,在早期階段發現所要注意(已經存在)之疾病可供介入以治癒或降低該病傷害,最後可減少死亡率(找出口腔癌前病變尚可降低口腔癌發生率)篩檢屬此,其利、弊皆須仔細評估、處理,3.三段預防,介入是為降低疾病在治
2、療後之復發或為減輕治療後引起之病痛(morbidity),10大癌症防治策略(衛生署國民健康局),98年癌症防治工作重點,口腔癌篩檢的合理性,篩檢要找的相關病變在口腔癌的自然史中,是無症狀且又是侷限的(故值得努力去早期發現)開始時常為PMD(potentially malignant disorders),如白斑(含紅白斑)、紅斑、黏膜下纖維化、疣狀增生等這些病變可經由簡單、一定步驟的口腔黏膜檢查法找出找出後經由習慣介入、飲食介入以及必要時的外科性處置,可使其消退或清除。,篩檢之分類,般民眾型篩檢(population screening)標靶型篩檢(targeting screening)隨
3、機型篩檢(opportunistic screening),1.般民眾型篩檢(population screening),不宜以此作口腔癌篩檢(cost-effectiveness不明)在南亞,可疑病變(suspicious lesions)之發現率雖達2-16%,但接受轉介、追蹤率偏低,2.標靶型篩檢(targeting screening),以高危險族群為標的,如(30歲以上之)檳榔、菸使用者及酗酒者有人不出來接受篩檢困難點配合其他健康問題篩檢則參加率較佳(整合型篩檢),3.隨機型篩檢(opportunistic screening),在診所或醫院看診時,對未懷疑之病變做篩檢合理且符合成本
4、效益值得在每一牙科診所或其他科診所進行(對口腔軟組織;亦可做標靶型及隨機型之混合運用)僅需多花很短時間(約3-4分鐘)可達到早期發現並達成“downstaging”效果,Lim,Moles,et al:Opportunistic Screening for Oral Cancer andPrecancer in General Dental Practice,Opportunistic screening in a general dental practice setting may be a realistic alternative to population screening.Gen
5、eral dental practice is ideal for the evaluation of such systems prior to extending these studies to other healthcare setting.,Br Dent J 2003;194:497-502.,篩檢基本原則,要篩檢的對象(情況)係屬重要的健康問題,其自然歷程是已知的已有可行的、實證的介入方法有適當、可行的診斷方法(或test)該篩檢所需的經費,與其他保健費用可達成平衡,或費用合理,口腔癌篩檢潛在的好處,減低死亡率減少侵犯性(已成形)癌瘤之發生改善個別患者之預後接受早期治療者,其病
6、痛可減少篩選高危險群並獲得介入機會對陰性個案有安慰作用節省醫療資源社會成本,口腔癌篩檢可能的缺失,使偽陰性個案造成錯誤的安全感及延誤治療時機有些無進展,可予觀察即可之癌前病變,反而可能造成不必要之治療對偽陽性個案造成心理傷害對某些陰性個案反而加強其不良生活習慣須考慮所需費用找出末期已無法治癒個案,對部分病人可能反增其受苦程度,手術的基本要件(Basic necessities,可應用於口腔癌篩檢現場),適當的可視性(adequate visibility)有3要素:(1)適當的可近性(adequate access)如自然開口、開口度夠大、排開身體組織(2mirror technique)(2
7、)適當的照明(adequate light)隨時調整光源,以免光線被遮住;亦可使用頭燈(3)術野無多餘的血液或其他液體可用棉花棒代替抽吸器助手:需受過適當訓練,可操作燈光,並協助記錄檢查單及問卷,檢查者/受檢者姿勢,傳統相親式(坐姿)篩檢新的水平(躺臥)式篩檢(2005年起在台西全面採用),NOTE:This is a bad example!,NOTE:This is a bad example!,NOTE:This is a bad example!,NOTE:This is a bad example!,A practical technique of screening for ora
8、l cancer(summary),reported at 41st APACPH(Asia Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health)Conference,5th Dec.2009L.J.Hahn,DDS,DDSc,FICDOral and Maxillofacial Surgeon,National Taiwan University Hospital,Current and conventional method of screening for oral cancer in Taiwan,The examiner and the exa
9、minee sit face to face on 2 chairs.The examiner use only 1-2 disposable tongue depressors without using mouth mirrors,to perform the so-called“oral cancer screening”.,26,Disadvantages of such conventional methods,Against human engineeringNo mouth mirror no complete screening(there are dead corners o
10、n examination)Prone to result in FALSE NEGATIVE finding.,27,Correct and practical method of screening for oral cancer,The examinee takes supine positionThe examiner sits at 7-11 oclock position of the head of an examineeUse 2 mouth mirrors(2-mirror technique)Examine 50 sites of the full mouth mucosa
11、,in definite order without missing any site.,28,4 Functions of the mouth mirror,As a mirrorTo reflex light to the site where close examination is needed.As a retractorFor primary“palpation”So,using mouth mirrors is mandatory to perform correct screening for oral cancer.,“Palpation”with a mouth mirro
12、r,Whilst digital palpation of the mucosa would be ideal,for practical reasons MOUTH MIRRORS may be used to gain an idea of the texture of the tissues.Digital palpation using any necessary precautions,may then be reserved for the examination of particular lesions.WHO:Guide to epidemiology and diagnos
13、is of oral mucosal diseases and conditions,1980As suggested in the WHO guide,2 mouth mirrors are recommended with digital palpation for particular lesions Zain et al:Clinical criteria for diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions,2002,Advantages of 2-mirror technique of screening for oral cancer by supine p
14、osition,Good accessibility to the oral cavityFit human engineering for adequate inspection and palpationUsing 2 mouth mirrorsmuch better than just using tongue depressors onlyNatural posture,less fatigabilityCan detect more precancers and early cancers(may achieve“downstaging”)Less possibility of ca
15、using FALSE NEGATIVE result.,A simplified method of screening for oral cancer(Hahns method),Can be used if the dental,or flexible and portable chair for oral cancer screening is unavailable(Please watch DVD demonstration,if available),躺臥式口腔癌篩檢的好處,檢查者在被檢查者頭部8-9(7-11)點位置,有利於篩檢時之視診及觸診之操作。檢查者在此法所採姿勢,比坐式
16、較符合人體工學操作的原理。視野較佳,加上使用口鏡,可減少小部位、小角落成為死角檢查不到的缺點(請勿只使用壓舌板)。被檢查者較舒適、輕鬆,頭部固定、不易亂動。時間較久之篩檢亦較不感疲勞,效率較佳。可避免造成偽陰性之結果。,口腔癌篩檢需準備器械、物品,折疊式牙科檢查椅,附無影燈(或頭燈)口鏡(2 mirror technique每一受檢者使用2枝口鏡)口罩棉花棒(或棉籤)可棄式手套(最好為單包裝者)牙科鑷子(非每一受檢者皆需要)面紙、小紗布篩檢紀錄單(special sheet)問卷,Two Mouth Mirrors在篩檢時的功能2 Mirror Technique,鏡子功能:照出視線無法直接看
17、到的地方,如小部位、小角落或牙齒後方視線死角處(舌側、腭側)黏膜。反射功能:可藉反射送更多光線到需細看的部位。當做肌鈎(retractor):推開或拉開舌、唇、頰等。用來觸診:可做經常性或初步的觸診,必要時對特殊病變(particular lesions)才換用手指觸診即可(WHO Guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases and conditions/Clinical Criteria for Diagnosis of Oral Mucosal LesionsAn aid for dental and medic
18、al practitioners in the Asia-Pacific Region),口腔黏膜檢查紀錄表/單,檢查日期受檢者基本資料各項危險因子檢查結果圖示以項目勾選為原則 轉介醫院檢查者,口腔黏膜細部區分(1)1.Vermilion border upper(1),lower(2)口唇(唇紅部)上、下 2.Labial commissures right(3),left(4)唇聯合右、左 3.Labial mucosa upper(5),lower(6)唇黏膜上、下,4.Cheek(buccal muccsa)right(7),left(8)頰黏膜右、左 5.Labial sulci u
19、pper(9),lower(10)唇溝上、下 6.Buccal sulcus right upper(11)lower(12)頰溝右上、右下 7.Buccal sulcus left upper(13)lower(14)頰溝左上、左下,TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J.modified after WHO monogragh),口腔黏膜細部區分(2)8.Posterior gingiva and alveolar ridge(process)buccally 後牙頰側牙齦及齒槽堤 Upper gingiva or ede
20、ntulous alveolar ridge buccally right(15),left(16)上右、上左 Lower gingiva or edentulous alveolar ridge buccally right(17),left(18)下右、下左 9.Anterior gingiva and alveolar ridge(process)labially:前牙唇側牙齦及齒槽堤上、下Upper(19)Lower(20),TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J.modified after WHO monograg
21、h),口腔黏膜細部區分(3)10.Posterior gingiva and alveolar ridge(process)palatally and lingually後牙腭側或舌側牙齦及齒槽堤上右、上左、下右、下左Upper right(21),left(22)Lower right(23),left(24)11.Anterior gingiva and alveolar ridge(process)palatally and lingually,palatally(25)and lingually(26)前牙腭側或舌側牙齦及齒槽堤腭側、舌側 12.Dorsum(dorsal surfac
22、e)of the tongue right(27),left(28)舌背右、左,TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J.modified after WHO monogragh),口腔黏膜細部區分(4)13.Base of the tongue right(29),left(30)舌根右、左 14.Tip of the tongue(31)舌尖 15.Margin(lateral border)of the tongue right(32),left(33)舌側緣右、左 16.Ventral(inferior)surface
23、of the tongue right(34),left(35)舌腹面右、左,TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J.modified after WHO monogragh),口腔黏膜細部區分(5)17.Floor of the mouth Frontal(36)口底中央Floor of the mouth Lateral right(37),left(38)口底右邊、左邊 18.Hard palate right(39),left(40)硬腭右、左 19.Soft palate right(41),left(42)軟腭右、
24、左,TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J.modified after WHO monogragh),口腔黏膜細部區分(6)20.Anterior tonsillar pillar right(43),left(44)扁桃前柱右、左 21.Uvula(45)懸雍垂 22.Retromolar region(trigone)right(46),left(47)臼齒後(三角)區右、左 23.Oropharynx and tonsils(48)口咽 24.Tonsils-right(49),left(50)扁桃腺右、左,TOPOG
25、RAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J.modified after WHO monogragh),A.口唇(唇黏膜)B.頰黏膜C.口腔前庭黏膜D.臼齒後三角區E.硬腭黏膜F.軟腭黏膜G.舌H.牙齦I.口底黏膜J.懸壅垂K.口咽黏膜L.齒槽黏膜,全口需檢查部位示意圖:,口腔黏膜健檢口訣:,由外向內先觀察顏面、頸部、口腔前庭 外:顏面、頸部;口腔前庭(含臼齒後三角區及上下顎唇 頰側牙齦)內:固有口腔由上中而下(內之固有口腔)上:上顎舌側牙齦、硬腭、軟腭、懸壅垂、口咽、扁桃腺 中:舌背面、左右舌側緣 下:舌腹面、口底、下顎舌側牙齦及齒槽黏膜
26、,全口部位篩檢操作實技/步驟,簡要地進行問診(有無不舒服/疼痛部位及ABC使用情形等等)及視診(顏面/頸部之腫塊,必要時加上觸診,觸診也可包括頰黏膜、舌、口底、腭等部位)引導受檢者躺好,並調好照明。接著,依如下順序進行檢查:右側頰黏膜,加上、下後牙頰側牙齦/口腔前庭黏膜及臼齒後三角區(頭輕微向右)上唇黏膜,加上顎前齒唇側牙齦/口腔前庭黏膜(頭回正前方)下唇黏膜,加下顎前齒唇側牙齦/口腔前庭黏膜左側頰黏膜,加上、下後牙頰側牙齦/口腔前庭黏膜及臼齒後三角區(頭輕微向左),全口部位篩檢操作實技/步驟(續),7.上顎齒列腭側牙齦,加硬腭/軟腭粘膜(頭回到正前方)8.懸壅垂/口咽後壁/扁桃腺(令發啊聲)
27、9.舌背面(舌伸出、並做上下左右運動)10.舌右側緣(舌尖舔左嘴角)11.舌左側緣(舌尖舔右嘴角)12.口底(舌縮入口腔內),加下顎齒列舌側牙齦/齒槽黏膜,及舌腹面(舌尖舔腭部後方)09.6.30.修訂,口腔癌篩檢重點(1),口腔癌在台灣(尤其是嚼檳榔族群)好發部位是頰黏膜、舌、後牙齒齦(尤其是下顎)、臼齒後區、口底等部位,故應仔細檢查此等部位。主要注意黏膜之顏色或表面結構異常、腫塊(tumor mass)或腫脹(swelling)之有無,必要時要加以觸診,以注意是否其表面為粗糙、不平滑,或周邊有硬結(marginal induration,尤其是在舌側緣之病變)。發現白斑時,可先區分究係均勻
28、性或非均勻性者;而對均勻性白斑,需再辨別其屬於薄型或厚型者,以決定是否確須轉介。,口腔癌篩檢重點(2),如在臨床(醫院或診所)作隨機篩檢時發現異常,可先探究其是否為口腔癌或/及癌前病變,以及可能原因,並將此原因予以去除後,評估病變處是否改善或消失。去除原因後經過兩週仍無改善,則儘快轉介適當處所;但在診斷未明前,切勿輕易處方類固醇口內膏予受檢者長期使用。篩檢時,對篩檢之意義、口腔癌或癌前病變之症狀、徵兆以及預防之知識,可同時作適當之說明/宣導。,篩檢後流程表,個案層次:需轉介個案已轉介個案疑似陽性個案陽性個案陰性個案資料來源:韓良俊,白斑惡性轉變率,薄白斑近0%厚白斑1-7%粒狀或結節狀白斑4-
29、15%紅白斑28%(18-47%)中度上皮變異4-11%重度上皮變異20-35%台大江俊斌教授,口腔癌篩檢的效果研究,篩檢之六個月後再訪問時減量或停止 71%之陽性個案 57%之陰性個案 台大陳秀熙教授,坐姿時口腔黏膜檢查順序:()看上、下唇紅部及翻開上唇(1-2-5-9-19)(二)翻開下唇(6-10-20)(三)翻看右頰內側(3-7-11-15-12-17-43-46)(四)翻看左頰內側(4-8-13-16-14-18-44-47)(五)請其開口,看上顎及腭部(21-25-22-39-40-41-42-45-48-49-50)(六)請其伸舌或輕拉舌(31-27-28-29-30)(七)請其舌尖舔左嘴角(32,由前方到後方葉狀乳頭部位)(八)請其舌尖舔右嘴角(33,由前方到後方葉狀乳頭部位)(九)請其舌尖舔腭部後方(31-34-35-23-26-24-36-37-38),TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA,(HAHN,L.J.modified after WHO monogragh),台灣嚼檳榔盛行率較高職場,客運公司/計程車公會貨運公司營造公司工程公司環保單位/清潔隊,適合提供篩檢之社區活動,廟會村里民大會社區園遊會農會活動漁會活動社區老人會原住民各項慶典,Thank you for your attention,