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1、初中数学课堂有效教学策略初探 颜小兵（江苏省姜堰市第四中学225500）自实施新课改以来，“减负增效”一直是探讨研究的主题，在推进新课程改革的同时也出现了一些认识误区，比如从传统教学的“一讲到底”，走向所谓的新课改的“一问到底”，从以往的教师唱独角戏，走向了低龄化语言游戏等等。新课程标准下有效教学策略研究，激发了我们对此问题的关注，我们应积极、迅速地反思过去和现在的数学教学，理解新的数学课程理念，抓住课堂教学这一主阵地，向课堂40分钟要质量，提高数学教学的有效性。1淡化形式数学课堂有效教学的前提自从新课标颁布以来，课堂教学往往流于形式，效率不高，出现了走过场的现象。教师们对一节好课有这样的误解
2、：创设情境引入、学生讨论、合作学习、多媒体的运用是必不可少的教学环节，因此教师们在设计教学时片面地追求合作学习形式，只要有问题，不论难易，有否价值，都在小组内讨论一番；讨论的时间无保证，往往学生还没进入讨论状态就在教师的要求下草草结束，热闹的讨论后，学生能理解明白吗？清楚这节课的学习任务吗？这种合作学习有形式而无实质。因此，教师应根据不同的教学目标与教学内容设计合适的课堂教学方式，精心设计问题情境进行教学。比如初中数学中许多知识内容有很好的实际生活背景，像“负数、数轴、绝对值、方程应用”等，可以通过适当的生活情境引入、探索交流，但也有很多知识内容，如“代数式、运算法则、公式、定理”等可以开门见
3、山，直奔主题，完全没有必要创设实际情境让学生进入角色，这样可以使教学活动不用过久地在外围游弋，直达问题的核心，节约时间资源，从而提高课堂教学效率。2.平等对话数学课堂有效教学的关键课堂教学改革涉及多方面的问题，而如何建构师生之间符合新课程理念的育人环境，营造师生教学“温馨共同体”是其中一个重要问题，建构一个生动活泼富有个性的师生平等对话、相互尊重的课堂情景，就会激发学生的主人翁意识，就绝不会轻易棒杀。与自己教学思路不一致的笨拙的奇想怪想。例如，多边形内角之和这一课，教师引导学生从多边形的一个顶点出发连对角线，把n边形分成n-2个三角形求出n边形内角之和为（n-2）180，然而却有一个学生突发奇
4、想，他不从顶点出发，而是从任意边上任意一点出发连接其他顶点，分成各三角形，教师与他热情对话，鼓励学生说理，找出这样作出n-1个三角形的内角和后n边形的内角和多了180度，应去除多余的180度，结果还是（n-2）180度，教师的教学行为不仅使这位学生受到了鼓舞，也激发了其他同学的探究热情。3.学生参与数学课堂有效教学的重要途径新课程的基本出发点是促进学生全面、和谐、持续发展。在教学中要灵活运用教学方法，创设学生参与探究的时空，让学生主动参与，主动探究，能让学生思考的要让学生思考，能让学生表述的要让学生表述，能让学生动手的要让学生自己动手，能让学生推导的结论要让学生自己去推导。教师只是以“合作者”
5、的身份参与学生的学习活动，创设各种机会，帮助学生去发现、 探索知识的奥秘，使学生在数学活动的过程中自主学习、自主发展。比如在进行“概率的意义”教学时，教师提出问题：随机抛掷一枚硬币，尽管事先不能确定“正面朝上”还是“反面朝上”，但大家很容易猜到这两个随机事件发生的可能性是一样的，各占一半。那么，大家的这种直觉是否正确呢？然后，教师布置试验任务， 引导学生动手实践，合作探究在各组测得的数据后，填写教材上的表格，教师将各组数据记录在黑板上，全班学生对数据进行统计，全班进行总结交流。由于试验次数较少，有可能获得“正面朝上”的频率与猜想有出入，教师应启发学生分析产生差异的原因，使学生认识到每次随机试验
6、的频率具有不确定性，同时发现随机事件发生的频率也具有规律性。像这种改变“在听中学”的学习方式，为学生创造“做中学”“尝试中学”“体验中学”的机会，调动学生参与学习的积极性，让课堂教学真正成为学生培养能力的主阵地，从而提高课堂学习的有效性。4.适度评价数学课堂有效教学的催化剂新课标指出：“对数学学习的评价要关注学生学习的结果，更要关注他们学习的过程；要关注学生的学习水平，更要关注他们在数学活动中表现出来的情感与态度”。评价具有激励性，有助于学生欣赏自己的成功，发展积极进取的自信心，提高学习的动机并形成成就感，是实现有效学习的催化剂。教学过程中教师要以学生发展为本，及时适度、多元地评价学生。 “好
7、孩子都是夸出来的”听起来似乎有点绝对，但也不无道理。要真正发挥评价促进学生发展的功能，要求教师必须在课堂上善于发现和及时作出评价。同时在新课标实施过程中也要防止评价的极端倾向。数学课堂上，对于学生的回答，不管是对的或错的、全面的或片面的，教师都发出表扬命令：掌声鼓励。一节课上，表扬的掌声不断，我们应反思一下：无度的表扬激励有价值和意义吗？ 笔者认为，评价应该是在客观公正的原则上以鼓励为主。对于学生的学习活动，教师一定要正确处理学生出现的错误，不能滥用表扬评价，对于学生的错误不能敷衍了事，一定要引导学生说出解题思路，然后才能作出相应的评价；对那些有错误但蕴涵创新思维的想法，在给予鼓励的同时，再指
8、出不足，这样才能促使学生不断进步，激发学生的学习热情和创新火花。总之，有效的数学课堂教学以关注每一位学生的发展为根本，教师要为此搭建平台，做好铺垫，课堂教学中要把更多的时间还给学生，通过让学生更多地思考，更多地探索，更多地说和做，使教学最大限度地满足学生的个体差异，实现课堂教学的高质量和高效率，那么我们的学生将学得更自信，生活得更精彩。参考文献1数学课程标准（实验稿）解读.北京师范大学出版社2傅前晓.数学教学新理念.中国人民大学出版社3范康平.初中数学素质教育的课堂体现.教师教育.2008（2）中学数学月刊2009第7期教师版Editors note: Judson Jones is a me
9、teorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear
10、the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the
11、shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxio
12、us for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there
13、 Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I fee
14、l this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never
15、 reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it
16、 was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappoin
17、ting news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule
18、 attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and
19、 into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he
20、will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It wil
21、l be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this
22、 will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 f
23、eet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed th
24、at would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
