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1、英 文 翻 译 系 别 专 业 班 级 学生姓名 学 号 指导教师 毕业时间 2014.06 单片机智能调光灯单片机是一种集成电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU、随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计数器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的微型计算机系统，在工业控制领域广泛应用。从上世纪80年代，由当时的4位、8位单片机，发展到现在的300M的高速单片机。单片微型计算机简称单片机，是典型的嵌入式微控制器（Microcontroller Unit
2、），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，单片机又称单片微控制器，它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。单片机由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入输出设备构成，相当于一个微型的计算机（最小系统），和计算机相比，单片机缺少了外围设备等。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。它最早是被用在工业控制领域。主流单片机包括CPU、4KB容量的ROM、128 B容量的RAM、 2个16位定时/计数器、4个8位并行口、全双工串口行口、ADC/DAC、SPI、I2C、IS
3、P、IAP。系统结构简单，使用方便，实现模块化；单片机可靠性高，可工作到106 107小时无故障；处理功能强，速度快。低电压，低功耗，便于生产便携式产品。控制功能强。环境适应能力强。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件有电子器件的产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电子产品中都含有单片机。 汽车上一般配备40多片单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百片单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量远远超过PC机和其他计算机的总和。单片机作为计算机发展的一个重要分支领域，根据发展情况，从不同角度，单片机大致可以分为通用型/专用型、总线型/非总线型及工控型/家电型。通用型
4、与专用型:这是按单片机适用范围来区分的。线型单片机：这是按单片机是否提供并行总线来区分的。总线型单片机普遍设置有并行地址总线、 数据总线、控制总线，这些引脚用以扩展并行外围器件都可通过串行口与单片机连接，另外，许多单片机已把所需要的外围器件及外设接口集成一片内，因此在许多情况下可以不要并行扩展总线，大大减省封装成本和芯片体积，这类单片机称为非总线型单片机。控制型：这是按照单片机大致应用的领域进行区分的。一般而言，工控型寻址范围大，运算能力强；用于家电的单片机多为专用型，通常是小封装、低价格，外围器件和外设接口集成度高。 显然，上述分类并不是惟一的和严格的。例如，80C51类单片机既是通用型又是
5、总线型，还可以作工控用。在家用电器领域的应用，现在在家用电器的更新、市场开拓等方面，单片机的应用越来越广泛，比如电子玩具或者高级的电视游戏机中，会应用单片机实现其控制功能;而洗衣机可以利用单片机识别衣服的种类与脏污程度，从而自动选择洗涤强度与洗涤时间;在冰箱冷柜中采用单片机控制可以识别食物的种类与保鲜程度，实现冷藏温度与冷藏时间的自动选择;微波炉也可以通过单片机识别食物种类从而自动确定加热温度与加热时间等等，这些家用电器在应用单片机技术后，无论是性能还是功能，与传统技术相比均有长足的进步。在医用设备领域的应用，现代医疗条件越来越发达，人们对医疗灭菌消毒技术也越来越重视，但是一些偏远地区的小医院
6、、小诊所其消毒灭菌设备还十分简陋，无法有效的控制消毒质量。随着单片机技术的发展，其体积较小、功能强大、具有灵活的扩展性、应用方便的特点也越来越突出，因此在医用呼吸机、分析仪与监护仪、超声诊断设备、病床呼叫系统等设备中得到了广泛的应用。在工业控制领域的应用，其实最早的单片机正是从工业领域开始兴起的，至今其在工业控制领域的应用仍然十分广泛，利用单片机技术构成多种多样的数据采集系统与智能控制系统，比如工厂流水线的智能化管理、智能化电梯、报警系统等等，均是通过单片机技术与计算机联网构成二级控制系统。在仪器仪表领域的应用，上文中也谈到单片机具备集成度高、体积小、较强的控制功能与扩展的灵活性等特点，并且处
7、理速度快，具有较高的可靠性，所以在智能仪器仪表领域其应用也十分广泛。从某种程度而言，单片机带动了传统测量、控制仪器仪表技术的一项革命，通过单片机技术实现了仪器仪表技术的数字化、智能化、综合化以及多功能化，与传统的电子电路或者数字电路相比，其功能更强大，综合性更突出。调光器，英文叫dimmer，改变照明装置中光源的光通量、调节照度水平的一种电气装置。调光器的目的是调整灯光不同的亮度。通过减少或增加RMS电压促使平均功率的灯光产生的不同强度的光输出。虽然可变电压设备可用于各种目的，但是这种调控旨在控制照明。LED调光器的原理有三种：波宽控制调光（Pulse Width Modulation，简称P
8、WM）， 将电源方波数位化，并控制方波的占空比，从而达到控制电流的目的。恒流电源调控，用模拟线性技术可以轻易调整电流的大小。分组调控 将多颗LED分组，用简单的分组器调控。上述1.2.两种方法是可以用可调电阻旋钮做无段控制。由于PWM模块技术化的成熟，成本降低。很难从价格方面判定是使用何种方式的控流。然而可调电阻本身并不是一个很可靠的元器件。往往因为灰尘的进入或者制造流程的不严紧，在操作可调电阻时会有瞬间跳空的故障，那么光源就会闪动。这种闪动在用PWM方式情况比较不明显，在用线性技术调控电流的情况较明显。不论何种方式调控电流，都是可以改成触动式按键开关（Tact Switch）或独立分组开关（
9、例如分组器、遥控器）来控制灯光。这样的质量比较可靠，使用寿命要长很多。实在有必要用可调电阻做细腻的灯光调控，建议用高质量的可调电阻（通常要几元到10几元）。其实我们应当回过来想一想我们要调光的主要目的应当是什么。前面所有提到的调光目的都是为了满足居家的人们在不同场合下需要不同的光强。例如看电视的时候可能要暗一些，看书的时候可能要亮一些。这些大多是在住宅里。很少有办公室、商场、工厂、学校安装调光灯的。而且这些地方绝大多数安装的是荧光灯、节能灯，也不可能进行调光或者很难实现连续调光。自从人类意识到一定要千方百计节能减排，才能解决大气变暖的迫切问题后，如何减少照明用电就作为一个重要的问题提到日程上来
10、。因为照明用电占总能耗的20%.幸好出现了高效节能的LED，LED本身比白炽灯节能5倍以上，比荧光灯、节能灯也要节能一倍左右，还不像荧光灯、节能灯那样含汞。如果还能够利用调光来节能，那么也是非常重要的节能手段。但过去所有光源都很不容易实现调光，而容易调光正是LED的一个很大的优点。因为在很多场合其实不需要开灯或者至少不需要那么亮，可是灯却开得很亮，例如半夜到黎明时段的路灯;地铁车厢从地下开到郊区地面时车厢里的照明灯;更常见的是在阳光明媚时靠近窗口的办公室、学校、工厂等的荧光灯都还开在那里。这些地方每天不知道要浪费多少电能!过去因为高压钠灯、荧光灯、吸顶灯、节能灯根本无法调光，也只能算了。现在改
11、用LED以后，可以自如调光了，这些电能完全可以节省下来。所以对于灯具调光来说，家庭壁上调光不是主要的应用场合，市场也很小。反而是路灯、办公室、商场、学校、工厂的按需调光才是更重要的场合，不但市场巨大，而且节能可观。这些场合需要的不是手动调光而是自动调光、智能调光。路灯的调光：一般来说，路灯到半夜以后就没有什么用处了，所以通常的做法是12点以后关灯或者开一半亮度。但是最合理的做法是根据交通流量来控制路灯的亮度，甚至是完全自适应地控制亮度。而为了实现这种智能调光，实际上也是十分简单的。只要把这个地区的交通流量统计值的曲线输入到一个单片机，根据这个曲线给出PWM的调光信号到恒流驱动源就可以实现。光敏
12、自动调光LED灯：为了减小在强日光下不必要的照明，可以采用光敏自动调光LED日光灯(或任何其他LED灯具)。光敏元件的作用是感受周围的日光，如果日光越强那么就输出一个PWM信号到所有靠近日光的LED灯具(例如LED日光灯)，把它们的亮度调暗。一个调光信号发生器可以调节很多LED灯具，只要这些灯具的恒流驱动源带有PWM调光控制接口。这种调光系统本身的效率高达92%以上。而且不存在任何和墙上可控硅调光线路的兼容性问题。这种全自动的自适应节能调光是任何荧光灯、节能灯、高压钠灯等气体放电管根本无法实现的，而却是LED灯具最擅长的。现今的LED产业中，我最看好的暂时是LED调光技术还有LED驱动电源。L
13、ED驱动电源主要面向方面在LED路灯电源。而这次我们主要来说说LED调光技术。目前，LED调光技术主要有以下几种：可控硅调光，这种发展于白炽灯的调光技术，因白炽灯为纯阻性负载，利用可控硅的斩波技术，能顺利实现调光，但是对LED并不实用，从目前来看兼容可控硅的调光电源，通常效率都很低，80%都很难达到，这有违LED节能的初衷，其次，很难做到高功率因素，再次，只能工作在单一的输入电压下，这种调光技术必将因白炽灯的消亡而消亡，但因市场普及率高，还将存在一段时间。线性调光：利用恒流芯片的专用调光脚，调整LED的电流，达到调光的目的，此种技术效果不错，但是接线复杂，不利于日光灯路灯等照明，台灯很多采用此
14、方法。PWM调光：该方法与线性调光类似，与线性调光一起占据了调光台灯的大部分江山。这个PWM调光用户和客户也很受乐。遥控调光：分红外遥控与无线遥控两种，实现起来比较复杂，但可以达到改变色温，颜色等其它调光方式无法达的效果，目前主要用于面板灯调光，也有部份球泡灯采用些种调光方式。分段调光：此种调光方式利用在规定时间内开关墙壁上的开关来达到调光的目的，该方法的优点是无需额外的调光元件，按现有的安装方式，每盏灯均可实现调光，另个，由于该调光完全由电源开关芯片内部控制，全电压范围内，不管工作在何种亮度下，均可实现高效率与高功率因素，缺点是只能按预先设定的亮度循环调节，不能实现无级调光，还有就是，目前此
15、类IC种类很少，并且电流调整率方面不尽如人意，不过我想随着技术的成熟，IC厂家一定会更家完善的，个人觉得，此种调光技术，将成为以后调光技术的主流。在实际的应用中，单片机的应用越来越广泛，发现LED灯在周边亮度大时依然以同一功率发光，存在电能浪费；在周边亮度小时LED灯不能提供足够和恰当的光度。用来改善我们的生活质量，体验到科学技术带给我们更方便的生活，节省电能。因此，研究实用调光灯的应用，有着非常现实的意义，具有很大的实用价值。SCM INTELLIGENT DIMMING LIGHTSSCM is an integrated circuit chip, VLSI technology is
16、the use of the central processor CPU with data processing capabilities, random access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM, a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / counters, etc. function (which may also include a display driving circuit, the pulse width modulation circuit, an analog mult
17、iplexer, A / D converter circuit, etc.) are integrated into a small improvement on a microcomputer system consisting of silicon, widely used in the field of industrial control application. From the 1980s by the then 4, 8-bit microcontroller, to todays high-speed microcontroller 300M.Referred to the
18、microcontroller chip microcomputer , is typical of embedded microcontroller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used abbreviations in alphabetical said MCU MCU , microcontroller , also known as single-chip microcontroller , it is not completed certain logic functions chip , but the a computer system in
19、tegrated into a single chip. SCM consists of computing, controller , memory, input and output devices , the equivalent of a mini- computer ( minimum system ) , and the computer compared to the lack of a single-chip peripherals . Speaking in general terms : a chip has become a computer. Its small siz
20、e , light weight , cheap, learning , application and development of facilities provided . At the same time , learning to use a computer microcontroller is the best choice to understand the principle and structure. It was first to be used in industrial control. Mainstream microcontroller including CP
21、U, 4KB capacity of ROM, 128 B -capacity RAM, 2 16-bit timer / counter, four 8-bit parallel port , full duplex serial line port , ADC / DAC, SPI, I2C, ISP, IAP. System is simple, easy to use, modular ; high reliability microcontroller , can work to 10 6-10 7 hours without failure ; handling , speed .
22、 Low voltage, low power consumption , easy production of portable products. Control functions . Environmental adaptability .Almost every member of the electronic device are integrated product modern microcontroller used in human life . Phone , telephone , calculator , home appliances, electronic toy
23、s , handheld computers and other electronic products mouse contain microcontrollers. General automotive microcontroller with more than 40 pieces on complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of pieces microcontroller while at work ! Far more than the sum of the number of single-chip P
24、C and other computers. SCM as an important branch in the field of computer development , according to the development , from different angles , can be divided into general-purpose microcontroller / private , bus / non- bus- and industrial -type / appliance type . General-purpose and special -type :
25、This is distinguished by the scope of the microcontroller . Linear SCM: This is based on single-chip parallel bus is provided to distinguish . There are generally provided by the microcontroller bus parallel address bus, data bus , control bus , these pins to extend parallel peripheral devices can b
26、e connected via the serial port with SCM , In addition, many have already needed microcontroller peripheral device and peripheral interfaces integrated within a piece , so in many cases can not parallel expansion bus , substantially reducing the cost and chip size packaging , such single-chip microc
27、ontroller called non- bus . Control : This is the microcontroller is substantially in accordance with distinguishing areas of application . In general , industrial -type addressing range , strong computing power ; mostly used in home appliances special type of microcontroller , which is usually a sm
28、all package , low price, peripheral devices and peripheral interfaces , high integration . Obviously, the above classification is not the only and strict . For example , 80C51 microcontroller class is both a general-purpose bus , can also be used as industrial use .Application in the field of home a
29、ppliances, home appliances now updated, marketing and other aspects, microcontroller applications more widely, such as electronic toys or advanced video game, the MCU will use its control function; while washing machines can use SCM identifies the type and degree of soiling of clothes to automatical
30、ly select the washing time and washing intensity; using micro-controller in the refrigerator freezer can identify the type and extent of food preservation, refrigeration temperature and automatically select the refrigeration time; microwave oven can also microcontroller identify the types of food in
31、 order to automatically determine the heating temperature and heating time, etc. These appliances in the application of chip technology, both performance and functionality compared to conventional technology has made great progress. Application in the field of medical equipment, modern and more deve
32、loped medical conditions, medical sterilization technology people more and more attention, but in some remote areas of the small hospitals, small clinics its sterilization equipment is also very simple, not valid quality control of sterilization.With the development of chip technology, and its volum
33、e is small, powerful, flexible scalability, and convenient features are more prominent, so the medical ventilator, analyzers and monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment, hospital beds call system and other equipment has been widely used. In the field of industrial control applications, in fact, th
34、e first single-chip is from the beginning of the rise of the industrial sector, has its application in industrial control field is still very widespread, the use of chip technology constitute a wide variety of data acquisition systems and intelligent control systems, such as factory line of intellig
35、ent management, intelligent elevators, alarm systems, etc., are constituted by the secondary control system microcontroller technology and computer networking.Applications in the field of instrumentation, also talked about above have highly integrated single-chip, small size, strong control function
36、 and expansion flexibility and other characteristics, and processing speed, high reliability, so intelligent instrument instrumentation fields of application are very extensive. To some extent, driven by the traditional SCM measurement, control of a revolution in instrumentation technology, achieved
37、 through microcontroller technology instrumentation technology digital, intelligent, comprehensive and multi-functional, with traditional or digital electronic circuits circuit compared to its more powerful, comprehensive and more prominent.Dimmer, the English called dimmer, change the lighting devi
38、ce light flux, adjusting the illumination level of an electrical device. Dimmer different purpose is to adjust the light brightness. RMS voltage by reducing or increasing the average power of the light produced to promote the different intensity of light output. Although the variable voltage device
39、can be used for various purposes, but the regulation is intended to control the illumination.LED dimmer , there are three principles : pulse width control dimming (Pulse Width Modulation, referred to as PWM), the power of digital square wave and control the duty cycle of the square wave , so as to a
40、chieve the purpose of the control current. Constant power control, analog linear technology can easily adjust the current size . Regulation of the multiple LED grouping grouping grouping is simple regulation . Above 1.2 . Both methods can be used to make stepless adjustable resistance control knob .
41、 Because of the PWM module technology matures, the cost is reduced. From the price is difficult to determine the manner in which the use of flow control . However adjustable resistance itself is not a very reliable components. Often because dust from entering or manufacturing process is not strict,
42、when the operation will be instantly adjustable resistor gapped fault , then the light will flash. This flashing by PWM in less obvious cases , in the case of linear current technical regulation obvious . Either way the current regulation , all touch -button switch can be changed (Tact Switch) or in
43、dependent grouping switch ( such as grouping , remote control ) to control lighting. Such quality is reliable , much longer service life . It is necessary to use adjustable resistance to do delicate lighting control, recommended high-quality adjustable resistance ( usually a few dollars to a few dol
44、lars 10 ) .In fact, we should come back to the main purpose we have to think about what should be dimming . The purpose of all the previous mentioned are dimming at home in order to meet the needs of different people in light intensity in different contexts . For example , when watching television m
45、ay be darker , reading time may be brighter. These are mostly in the residence. Few offices, shopping malls , factories , schools, install dimmer lights . And the vast majority of these places is installed fluorescent lamps , energy saving lamps , it is impossible or difficult to achieve dimming con
46、tinuous dimming . Ever since mankind realized that we must do everything possible energy conservation, in order to solve the pressing problems of atmospheric warming , how to reduce electricity for lighting as an important issue on the agenda . Because 20% of the total energy consumption of electric
47、ity for lighting . Fortunately, there have been energy-efficient LED, LED energy-efficient than incandescent own more than 5 times higher than the fluorescent lamps, energy- saving lamps have about doubled , also unlike fluorescent lamps , energy saving lamps as mercury . If the dimmer is also possi
48、ble to use energy , the energy is very important means . But in the past are not easy to achieve all the light dimming, LED and easy dimming is a great advantage . Because in many cases actually does not need bright lights , or at least do not need that , but it was very bright light , such as midni
49、ght to dawn period streetlights ; subway cars from the ground floor open to the suburbs in the car lights ; more common is near a sunny window in the office , schools, factories and other fluorescent lamps are still open there. These places have to waste a day I do not know how much power ! Past because of the high-pressure sodium lamps, fluorescent lamps, ceiling lamps , energy saving lamps can not dimming, only to forget . Now switch
