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1、 中文题目、楷体、小二号、横线上的内容位于横线的中部 毕 业 论 文 题 目 浅析中西饮食文化的差异 英文题目 Differences Between Chinese 英文题目、Times New Roman、 小二号 and Western Food Culture 所有横线长度一致楷体、小二号、所有横线长度一致，横线上的内容位于横线的中部，如图院 系 专 业 姓 名 年 级 指导教师 二零零七年六月正文Times New Roman、小四、1.5倍行距、首行缩进4-5个字母的距离、两端对齐Times New Roman、三号加粗、居中标题上下宋体，小四、各空一行AbstractFood p
2、lays an irreplaceable role in the development of society and the progress of human civilization. It is an essential prerequisite for human existence. However, different nations have different food and food habits. That is because they have different culture, especially food culture. Only within the
3、context of each individual culture can food and food habits be best understood. This thesis expounds the important function of food culture between different countries cultural communication by analyzing Chinese and Western food culture. By examining these differences, we can improve our ability in
4、cultural communication.Food culture is a special cultural phenomenon. By the process of peoples studies, people know food culture from one side to the study of different culture backgrounds, customs and historical environments. This thesis endeavors to analyze the cultural differences and their root
5、 causes in Chinese and Western food cultures from the perspective of concept, etiquette and content, and points out that with the development of cross-cultural communication, more communication and interaction will arise between Chinese and western food cultures and they will develop together.宋体、小四、
6、空一行顶格、Times New Roman、小四、其中 “Key words:” 加粗，其他不加粗Key words: value conception; feature; etiquette; Chinese food culture; western food culture（注意：关键词3-5个，词与词之间用英文的分号隔开，最后一个关键词不需加标点；除专有名词外，其他单词首字母不大写；如需换行的，可用悬挂缩进或手工换行的方法，使第二行与上一行的第一个关键词对齐。）页码设置位于页脚区域、居中、中英文摘要页码采用小写罗马数字编写标题宋体、三号加粗、居中、两字之间空四个空格正文小四、宋体、1.
7、5倍行距、首行缩进两个汉字的距离标题上下宋体、小四、各空一行摘 要饮食作为人类生存的必要前提在人类社会的发展和文明进步中起着无可替代的作用。然而不同民族的饮食或饮食习惯却各不相同。这是由于不同的民族有着不同的文化。只有在各自的文化中，人们才能更好地理解其饮食内容和饮食习惯。 本文通过中西方对饮食的不同理解的分析，阐述了深刻了解不同国家的饮食文化在跨文化交际中的重要性。通过对这些不同点的掌握，可增强我们跨文化交际的能力，促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。顶格、小四、宋体、“关键词：”加粗，其他不加粗饮食是一种独特的文化现象。随着研究的深入，人们也从原先对饮食的单方面了解扩展到对中西不同文化背景、风俗习惯
8、和历史环境等方面的研究。本文着重探讨和分析中国与英国等西方国家在饮食观念、饮食特点、饮食内容和宴会礼仪等方面的文化差异，以揭示导致饮食文化差异的深层次原因，并进一步指出随着跨文化交际的不断发展，中西饮食文化将不断的进行交流和互补，并会得到共同发展。宋体、小四、空一行关键词：价值观；特点；礼仪；中国饮食文化；西方饮食文化（中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应，关键词3-5个，词与词之间用中文的分号隔开，最后一个关键词不需加标点；如需换行的，可用悬挂缩进或手工换行的方法，使第二行与上一行的第一个关键词对齐。）页码设置位于页脚区域、居中、中英文摘要页码采用小写罗马数字编写Times New Ro
9、man、三号加粗、居中标题上下小四、宋体、各空一行Contents所有一级标题、小四、Times New Roman、加粗、顶格Abstracti摘 要ii1. Introduction12. Different Values in Chinese and Western Food Culture1所有二级标题、小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、与一级标题的首字母对齐2.1 Collectivism in Chinese food culture12.1.1 Collective orientation12.1.2 Collective orientation in Chinese
10、 food culture22.2 Individualism in western food culture22.2.1 Individualistic orientation22.2.2 Individualistic orientation in western food culture33. Different Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture33.1 Extravagance in Chinese33.2 Simplicity in western food culture34. Different Etiquette in C
11、hinese and Western Food Culture4所有三级标题、小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、与二级标题的首字母对齐4.1 Different time-conceptions in Chinese and western food culture44.1.1 “M-time” and “P-time”44.1.2 Lateness in Chinese food culture44.1.3 Punctuality in western food culture54.2 Different seating arrangement54.2.1 The south a
12、nd north seating arrangement in Chinese food culture54.2.2 The right and left seating arrangement in western food culture65. Different Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture65.1 Different drink in Chinese and western food culture65.1.1 Liquor and tea in Chinese food culture65.1.2 The wine and
13、beer in western countries7目录页不参与页码编排5.2 Different main food in Chinese and western food culture75.3 Different banquet course in Chinese and western food culture85.3.1 Banquet course in China85.3.2 Banquet course in western food culture85.4 Different tableware in Chinese and western food culture95.4.
14、1 Chopsticks in Chinese food culture95.4.2 Fork and knife in western food culture95.5 Different cuisine naming105.5.1 Cuisine naming in China105.5.2 Cuisine naming in western food culture115.6 Different healthy conceptions in Chinese and western food culture115.6.1 Healthy conception in Chinese food
15、 culture115.6.2 Healthy Conception in western food cultures126. Conclusion13Bibliography14Acknowledgements15注意： 目录一般编写到三级标题，三级以下标题不需在目录中体现；1.5倍行距 标题的大小写：既可以采用仅第一个单词首字母大写、其余小写（除专有名字外）的形式，也可以每一个实词首字母大写，但处于相同级别的标题大小写形式应保持一致，还需与正文的标题的大小写保持一致； 若标题太长占两行时，换行时应与上一行的首字母对齐； 标题与页码数字的连接号和页码数字不需加粗。目录页不参与页码编排所有一级
16、标题、Times New Roman、三号加粗、顶格宋体、小四、空一行若标题后紧接着无下一级标题需空一行（宋体、小四）；若有，则不空1. Introduction正文、Times New Roman、小四、1.5倍行距、首行缩进45个字母的距离Culture is a historical phenomenon. It is the summation of civilization and a mental picture which can be created in the progress of a nations development. This thesis expounds t
17、he important function of food culture between different cultures by analyzing Chinese food and Western food. By examining these differences, we can improve our ability in cultural communication.The contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy
18、. At the same time, the cultural communications become more important in the big distance between these two cultures. The distinction between cultural communications become more and more evident and the study of Chinese and Western food culture is an important part of it. Food is a special phenomeno
19、n, people having knowledge of food from one side of the study of different cultural backgrounds, customs and historical environment by study.We all know that different nations have different cultures. This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in Chinese and western countries. Chinese food c
20、ulture in this thesis mainly refers to the one in the Han nationality. As we know, China is a nation with 56 ethnic groups, each of which has its own unique food and food habits. The Han nationality and its culture are the mainstream in China due to historical, political and economic reasons. Wester
21、n food culture in this thesis is mainly concerned with the British one due to the fact that its cultural pattern and influence have become dominant in the west, which is generally recognized by the world. 第一级标题内容结束后、展开下一级内容之前需空一行（宋体、小四）2. Different Values in Chinese and Western Food Culture所有二级标题、Ti
22、mes New Roman、四号加粗、顶格2.1 Collectivism in Chinese food culture2.1.1 Collective orientation正文页码设置位于页脚区域、居中、采用阿拉伯数字编写所有三级标题、Times New Roman、小四号加粗、顶格In China, collective orientation with deep roots can be traced back to ancient time. Confucius points out, “If one wants to establish himself, he should he
23、lp others to establish themselves at first.” in which collectivism is appreciated. “Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor” shows the fact that everything in China is branded with collectivism. In such collectivistic culture, a “we” consciousness prevails, and people are expected to be int
24、erdependent and show conformity to the groups norms and values. Group goals usually take precedent over individual goals, and the primary value is to seek harmony with others. Actually, group harmony is so highly valued that obedience to, and compliance with, in groups pressures is routine. (Neuliep
25、, 2000:33) 注意文内夹注的格式2.1.2 Collective orientation in Chinese food culture This collectivistic orientation also plays an important role in Chinese food culture. Normally, Chinese people would like to take the style of “sharing” when they have a dinner together, whether at home with family members or o
26、utside with friends. As Vera Y. N. Hsu describes, “The typical Chinese dining table is round or square. The tsai dishes are laid in the center, and each participant in the meal is equipped with a bowl of “fan”, a pair of chopsticks, a saucer, and a spoon. All at a table take from the tsai dishes as
27、they proceed with the meal. Good eating manners require each participant take equally from the different tsai dishes, so that all will have an equal chance at all the dishes.” (Chang, 1977:304) When the dinner starts, the host usually shows a menu to guests asking them to order the dish they like be
28、fore making the final decision. When a dinner comes to an end, participants always strive to pay the bill unless someone has claimed it in advance. The “truth of sharing” reflects almost everywhere from the dinner start to the end. 2.2 Individualism in western food culture2.2.1 Individualistic orien
29、tation It is well known that Great Britain tends toward individualism. Individualism refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth-century English philosopher John Locke, that each individual is unique, special, completely different from all other individuals, and “the basic unit
30、of nature”. (Samovar 2000:62) Therefore, in individualistic culture, an “I” consciousness prevails, and emphasis is placed on an individual goal over group goals. This value orientation stresses individual initiative and achievement, and individual decision-making is highly appreciated.2.2.2 Individ
31、ualistic orientation in western food cultureWestern food culture is characterized by the “separated style because of the great influence of the individualistic orientation. It is contrary to the “sharing” style in Chinese food culture in many ways. For example, westerners do not take the tsai dishes
32、 from the public plate, but have separate individual plates. The way of “going Dutch” is widely taken when the bill is to be paid, which means everyone pays his own share. The role of individualism in Western food culture is obvious and its influence is self-evident.第一级标题内容结束后、展开下一级内容之前需空一行（宋体、小四）3.
33、 Different Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture3.1 Extravagance in ChineseChinese food culture is probably much older than any other kind of food cultures. Few cultures are as food oriented as Chinese culture. The most common example is the greeting used among Chinese people when they encoun
34、ter: “Have you eaten?” food plays so important a role in peoples daily life that it inevitably becomes an ostentatious way because of face (or “mianzi” in China). So the extravagance and exquisiteness become the main features of Chinese food.Face in China involves a claim for respect and dignity fro
35、m others. Losing ones face is one of the worst ways to injure ones self-esteem. The banquet is also influenced by the “face” system. They are no longer a social occasion just for meeting or eating, but to some extent, a good chance for the host to show off his power and earn his face. The more expen
36、sive or precious the food is, the more dignity the host has, the more the quantity of dishes in a banquet, the warmer hospitality can be shown, and the more “face” he can earn. In this sense, formal banquets in China have one thing in common: there should be more than enough food on the table. Other
37、wise the host will lose face. That leads directly to the extravagant food culture. 3.2 Simplicity in western food culture Compared with extravagant banquets in China, the scale of banquets in western countries is much smaller. That is because the belief in food in western countries is mainly focused
38、 on function as necessity for human beings survival or a way of communication. For example, in a party, the host usually does not prepare food and drinks and serves some simple food only like cheese, sandwiches, fruits etc. For most Westerners, this is a good opportunity for communication and reunio
39、n, or a great occasion where they can strengthen relationships and make new friends. What they actually care about is the casual, harmonious and joyous atmosphere, the maximum freedom and relaxation they can enjoy at the banquet.第一级标题内容结束后、展开下一级内容之前需空一行（宋体、小四）4. Different Etiquette in Chinese and We
40、stern Food Culture4.1 Different time-conceptions in Chinese and western food culture4.1.1 “M-time” and “P-time”Edward T. Hall, who is well known for his discussion of time across cultures, proposes that cultures organize time in one of two ways: either monochronic (M-time) or polychronic (P-time) (H
41、all, 1989:46). He also points out that M-time is the characteristic of people from western countries, while P-time is the characteristic of people from Asia, Africa and Latin America (毕继万,1999:93). The two conceptions are incompatible. We can see the sharp contrast between P-time and M-time from the
42、 lateness in Chinese food culture and the punctuality in western food culture.4.1.2 Lateness in Chinese food culture People in the P-time cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than on
43、e person or do more than one thing at a time. Therefore, in these cultures, personal interaction and relationship developments are far more important than making appointments or meeting deadline.China is a country with P-time. Chinese people are usually a little later than what is scheduled when par
44、ticipating in some activities like banquets. Normally, they would be half an hour late. The host will arrange some entertainments, such as playing cards or chatting. Tea and various desserts like candy, cakes etc. are served for the guests who have arrived on time to kill time. Both the host and gue
45、st get used to that and would not interpret this kind of lateness as an impolite behavior.However, this conception changes sometimes. With the development of cross-cultural communication, more and more Chinese people, especially the young, are gradually influenced by the M-time in western countries.
46、4.1.3 Punctuality in western food cultureUnlike Chinese people, people in M-time cultures tend to follow precise scheduling. Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people should take it seriously. Usually, everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal meeting or banquet. It
47、 is also acceptable that people can be a little late sometimes, but no more than 10 minutes, otherwise this behavior will be regarded as inappropriate by both the host and other guests, and one will have to give a proper explanation. The one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished ser
48、iously in M-time culture.4.2 Different seating arrangement Samovar pointed out that “Culture influences even the manner and meaning in seating arrangement”. So seating arrangement is an important means of giving different explanations on social status or interpersonal relations. With regard to seating arrangement in a banquet, there ex
