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1、Attributive clauses,定语从句,定语：定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质和特征的词。She is a beautiful girl.She wears a red T-shirt.,定语从句：用来说明名词的品质和特征的句子。She is a girl.She is beautiful.She is a girl who is beautiful.She wears a T-shirt.The T-shirt is red.She wears a T-shirt that is red.,定语从句的构成,1.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词。She is a girl who is b
2、eautiful.She wears a T-shirt that is red.2.关系词（引导词）：引导定语从句的词。She is a girl who is beautiful.She wears a T-shirt that is red.,关系词,分类：关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that 关系副词：when,where,why作用：引导定语从句代替先行词在句中担当一个成分She is a girl who is beautiful.She wears a T-shirt that is red.,关系代词,who指人，在定语从句中作主语。Theboyswho
3、areplayingfootballarefromClass One.The boys are from Class One.The boys are playing football.That is our teacher.She teaches us English.ThatisourteacherwhoteachesusEnglish.,关系代词,whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Mr.Liu is the person.You talked about him on the bus.L
4、i Ming is the boy.I want to see him.LiMingistheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.,关系代词,whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.He has a friend.His friends father is a doctor.I once lived in a house.The roof of the house has fallen in.Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.,关系代词,which指物，在定语从句中做
5、主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys.Football is a game.Football is liked by most boys.This is a pen.He bought it yesterday.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.,关系代词,that既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。The person that you introduced to me is ver
6、y kind.The person is very kind.You introduced him to me.The season is summer.The season comes after spring.TheseasonthatcomesafterSpringisSummer.,只用that 不用which 的情况,当先行词是all,few,little,some,much,nothing,anything,everything 等词时。Have you taken down everything_ Mr.Li said.All_ can be done has been done
7、.,that/-,that,当先行词被every,any,few,little,all,no,some,each,just,the only,the very 等修饰时。He looked up any information_ they needed.,that/-,当先行词被序数词修饰时。The first place_ they visited in London was the Big Ben.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best film_ I have ever seen.,that/-,that/-,当先行词既有人又有物时。They talked abo
8、ut the persons and things_ they remembered at school.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问词时。Who is the man_ is standing by the gate?Which is the T-shirt_ fits me most?,that/-,that,that,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们用“介词+关系代词（which,whom）”的结构引导定语从句。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhi
9、chheoncestudiedisveryfamous.,介词的选用原则,根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配而定This is the book on which I spent 8 Yuan.spend money on sthThis is the book for which I paid 8 Yuan.pay money for sth.,根据先行词的搭配习惯决定I remember the day on which I joined the League.具体的某一天用onI remember the month in which I stayed there.month 前用in,含
10、有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for,look after,take care of 等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.,“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.whom 可换成 them 吗？,当 the way 做先行词时，关系词充当状
11、语时候有三种情况：that in which/Can you tell me the way_ you solved the problem.This is the way _ can be used in our company.,that/in which/-,that/which,Is this city_ you visited last year?Is this the city_ you visited last year?定语从句三要素：先行词，不可省去 关系词，作宾语时可省 从句This city is _ you visited last year.This is the c
12、ity_ you visited last year.先行词缺失时，常用the one补替。,the one that/which/-,that/which/-,定语从句主谓一致：,She is one of the most clever students_ good at English.She is the only one of students _ good at English.A.who isB.who are,B,A,when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.where指地点，在定语从句
13、中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyouare late.,on which,in which,for which,限制性定语从句 形式上：紧跟先行词之后。意义上：不可删除，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that/which C口语中，可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句
14、的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whom,Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.,关系代词as和which引导的定语从句,as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.,2.as引导的非限制性定语从句位
15、置灵活，可前、中、后，有“正如、正像”的含义which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.,当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：Iveneverhea
16、rdsuchstoriesashetells.This is the same dictionary as I lost last year.,The Attributive Clause 定语从句讲解-之关系副词,在定语从句中，先行词-表示时间、地点或原因的名词从句中缺状语要用关系副词when,where,why,when,where,why“介词+which”结构,互换,关系副词和先行词的关系,I still remember the day I came here.This is the house I lived last year.There are many reasons peo
17、ple like traveling.I dont like the way you speak.,on the day=on which=when,in the house=in which=where,for the reasons=for which=why,in the way=that/in which/省略,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,when,where,why,that,when,先行词-时间，从句中缺时间状语，,we used“foreign oil”,are gone forever,when,The days,There was a time women were not
18、 allowed to work.The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.A.until B.that C.when D.where,c,_,when,when“介词+which”Ill never forget the day which(=when)I lived in the mountains.That was a happy year which I worked with you.,on,in,不能看到时间就用when还要看从句缺什么成分Ill
19、never forget the day _ I lived in the mountains.Ill never forget the day _ I spent in the mountains.,when,that/which,Where,先行词-地点从句缺状语The Greens live in a city _ there are many cultural relics.This is the place _we used to play when we were young.,where,where,where-“介词+which”I work in a company _alm
20、ost everyone wants to work.,where/in which,不能看到地点就用where还有看从句缺什么成分。This is the house _ he was born.This is the house _ was set up by his parents.,where,that/which,先行词是case,situation,degree,stage,condition,point,activity,在定语从句中作状语Lets find out a situation _(=in which)this word can be used.,where,但并不是
21、说，一定要用where还要看定语从句中缺什么成分。Thats the point _ they argued about for a long time.,that/which,Thats the point _(=on which)I couldnt agree with you.Can you imagine the conditions _ there is no air?Life is a large stage _we can build ourselves,where,where,where,I cant find the page _ I stopped reading yest
22、erday.,where,why,先行词是reason 从句缺状语Do you know the reason why he is so upset?这时why=for which,不能看到reason,就用why.还要看从句缺什么成分This is the reason _ he was late.This is the reason _he told us for his being late.,why,that/which,定语从句中缺 主，宾，表，定 定语从句缺 状语,关系代词,关系副词,This is the school where I visited last year.I wi
23、ll never forget the days when I spent in Beijing.,F,True or False,F,which/that,which/that,介词+关系代词,The pen is missing now.I wrote with the pen.The pen which I wrote with is missing now.The pen with which I wrote is missing now.,Xiao Li is my good friend.I wrote a letter to him yesterday.Xiao Li is my
24、 good friend whom I wrote a letter to yesterday.Xiao Li is my good friend to whom I wrote a letter yesterday.,I admired Mr Smith.I graduated from his class.I admired Mr Smith I graduated from whose class.I admired Mr Smith whose classI graduated from.I admired Mr Smith from whose class I graduated.,
25、更复杂的介词+关系代词结构I live in a village at the back of which runs a small river.I bought a house the windows of which face south.There is a house under whose roof lived a family of four.,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man whom you spoke was a scientist.The city which she lives is far away.,to,in,介词+关系代词的情况 2,The man who
26、/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 2,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,可见,who、that 不能用与介词之后,介词+关系代词的情况 3,Is this the watch
27、that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better.,在固定短语中介词不能提前,下面两句中的介词能提前吗?,1.There is a tall tree outside,_ stands our teacher.2.China has a lot of rivers,the second longest _is the Yellow River.3.The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill.4.The man _ I spoke on t
28、he phone last night is very good at wrestling.5.He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,under which,of which,from which,to whom,of which,练习一下吧！,_,_,_,_,_,特殊题型,Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?A.whereB.that C.on whichD.the oneIs this mu
29、seum _ you visited a few days ago?A.whereB.that C.on which D.the one,B,D,类型1,Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?This is the museum _ you visited a few days ago?Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago?,the one,(that/which),that,类型2The old m
30、an has four children,_ are doctors.three of whoB.three of whomC.three of themD.of them three,B,The old man has four children._ are doctors.A.three of who B.three of whom C.three of them D.of them three,C,当中间为.；,and,but,类型3,He is one of students who_ going to beijing!He is the only one of students wh
31、o_ going to beijing!,are,is,类型4 way,从句缺状语时，关系词用that,in which,/.I dont like the way _ you speak to your father.This is the way _ he thought of to solve the problem.,that/which,that/in which,This is the way _ can be used in our company.,which,类型5主谓一致的问题There are more than 200 volunteers who are helpin
32、g with the work.从句谓语动词和先行词保持一致,类型6正常情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词词之后但有时为了保持句子的平衡或行文需要，在其中间插入一些其他成分,I was the only person in our office who was invited.The day is sure to come when you will succeed.He laughs best who laughs last.,类型7The earth is round._ is known to all.The earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known
33、 to all,the earth is round_ is known to all that the earth is round._ is known to all is that the earth is round.,It,which/as,It,As,What,类型8This is the same book as I lost.This is the same book that I lost.,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,类型9,This is such an interesting book _ we all like.This is so inte
34、resting a book _ we all like.This is such an interesting book _we all like it.This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,as,that,as,that,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句),这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句),类型10,方法：答非所问把that 放进去，是对上题的回答，是强调句不是对上题的回答，是定语从句。Where did you get to know her?It was on the farm_ we worked.It
35、was on the farm _ we worked _ I know her.A.that B.there C.which D.where,D,D,A,It was at five oclock _ I reached the village.It was five oclock_ I reached the village.A.that B.which C.when D.why,A,C,There are 100 teachers in our school,_60 are women teachers.He has three children,two _ work as teache
36、rs.,of whom,of whom,He has three children,and two _ workes as teachers.,of them,That table has four legs,all _ are very short.Im painting a house,the roof _ is round.,of which,of which,The library _ students often study was on fire last night.The library,_ was built in the 1930s,needs repairing.The
37、library _ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.,where,which,which,Ill never forget the day _ we first met in the park.Ill never forget the time _ I spent on campus.Ill never forget the time _ was spent with you.,when,which/that,which/that,The reason _ he gave me is not reasonable.The reason _he i
38、s late is reasonable.,which/that,why/for which,The reason _ he was absent from school yesterday was that he was ill.The reason _ his absence from school yesterday was that he was ill.,why/for which,for,Is this the factory _ we visited last week?Is this factory _ we visited last week?Is this the fact
39、ory _ his father works?,which/that,the one(that),where,I dont like the way _ you talk to me.,(in which)/(that)/(/),I dont like the way _ were taught by our teacher.I dont like the way _ you talked with me about just now.,which/that,which/that,Revision,Complete the sentences with which,who,that,1.The
40、 man _ we met was a cartoonist2.He drew a dog _ had six legs3.The cartoon and the cartoonist _ youre talking about are very famous.4.I konw a teacher _ is also a caroonist.5.The picture _ I like best is the first one.6.Did the children watch cartoon _was drown by Alice last Friday.,who,which,that,wh
41、o,which,that,定语从句已经学的将近尾声了，那么具体的应用你会吗？那么请你翻译一个句子他是我们班唯一一个爸爸是警察的学生。He is the only student in our class whose father is a policeman,whose引导的定语从句,先行词既可以是人，也可以是物，而且先行词在从句中充当定语，或者说所有格形式。当从句中的名词是物时，可以用of which替换。He is the only student in our class whose father is a policemanHe is the boy whose pen I borro
42、wed yesterday.,在这种定语从句中，关联词为什么用whose呢？我们知道，定语从句中引导词与两点有关，一是先行词，二是引导词在定语从句中的作用。如果引导词在句中作定语，就要用whose。如果我们把定语从句换成简单句，那么我们就可以看出引导词在定语从句中所做的作用：The students(=whose)father is a policeman,通常包含whose引导的定语从句的句子可以翻译成两句汉语。I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olympic.我有一个朋友，他哥哥正在备战奥运会。,He is the
43、boy whose pen I borrowed yesterday.They cleaned the house whose windows face south.The gentleman,with whose daughter I worked,looked down upon women.She is the girl whose brother is my English teacher.The house whose windows are red is my grandparents.The house,the windows of which are red is my gra
44、ndparents.,先行词为无生命的物体时也可以用whose来引导定语从句The book whose cover is green is mine.No one now lives in the room whose windows are broken.,考题训练,考题1 Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.（2006北京）A.who;不填 B.不填;who C.who;who D.不填;不填 考题2
45、 The famous basketball star,_ tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention.（2002北京春）A.where B.when C.which D.who 考题3 He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.（2002上海春）A.is B.are C.have been D.has been,C,D,D,考题4 In the dark street,there wasnt a single
46、person _ she could turn for help.（1992）A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom,D,考题5 I have many friends,_ some are businessmen.（2005）A.of them B.from which C.who of D.of whom 考题6 I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _ Chinese in the school,most _ were from Germany.（2006辽宁）A.study;of whom B.study;of them C.studying;of them D.studying;of whom 考题7 We saw several natives advancing towards our party,and one of them came up to us,_ we gave some bells and glasses.（2006湖南）A.to which B.to whom C.with whom D.with which,D,D,B,
