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1、牛津英语必修2语法复习之时态讲解及习题,动词的分类,一、一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first？Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month.c
2、.有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds;there is going to be a storm.3)be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.,4)be about to+不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。,be going to/will的用法之比较：用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。例如
3、：If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be to和be going to 的用法之比较：be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。例如：I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观
4、安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观安排),时间,现在,过去,那时所预见的情况,二、过去将来时,一、基本概念：过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。1)He said his mother would buy a bike for him 2)My brother told me he wouldnt believe Jack any more.3)Would it be all right if he knew his
5、illness?,二、基本形式：wouldshould动词原形（其中 would 用于各种人称，should 常用于第一人称）。例如：They were sure they would win the final victory他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。He didnt expect that we should（would）all be there他没想到我们都在那里。上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should（would）be 分别与其主句谓语 were sure 和 didnt expect 相对应。,三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：1wasweregoing t
6、o动词原形 He said he was going to try 他说他准备试试。2waswereto动词原形 They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day 他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。3waswere about动词原形 We were about to go out when it began to rain 我们正要出去天（突然）下起雨来。4过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如 go，come，leave，start，open，begin 等）也可用于表示将来。I didnt know when the
7、y were coming again 我不知道他们什么时候再来。,四、用法注意点：1在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如：He said he would come to see you when he had time 他说他有时间就来看望你。2“would动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时，不管什么人称，都可用would。When he was a child he would get up early 他年幼时，总是很早起床。,1.The old man _ two days after he had been sent to hospital.A.died
8、 B.would die C.had died D.has died 2.Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while,but soon _ to his old ways.A.returned B.returns C.was returning D.had returned 3.I _ my son _ a doctor,but he wasnt good enough at science.A.hoped;would become B.had hoped;would become C.had hoped;will become D.hope;will b
9、ecome 4.I _ to take a good holiday this year,but I wasnt able to get away.A.hope B.have hoped C.had hoped D.hoped 5.Helen _ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ home.A.has left;comes B.left;had come C.had left;came D.had left;would come,三、将来进行时（1）将来进行时概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来
10、会发生的事情。Shell be coming soon.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.,（2）将来进行时的用法：a)表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如：This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning?明天上午八点钟你将做什么?I hope you wont be feeling too tired.我希望你不要太累。Well be watching
11、 television all evening.我们整个晚上都将看电视。,b)表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。如：Well be having tea after dinner as usual.像通常一样，我们晚饭后将要喝茶。The leaves will be falling soon.树叶很快就会脱落。We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning.我们明天要开一个会。Ill be taking my holidays soon.我不久即将度假。,注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 Ill be having a
12、talk with her.,（3）将来进行时常用的时间状语:soon,tomorrow,this evening，on Sunday,by this time，tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening等。By this time tomorrow,Ill be lying on the beach.,四、现在完成时,1现在完成时的构成：助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词注：has 用于第三人称单数，have 用于其他所有人称。,2现在完成时的用法：（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词j
13、ust，already,before,yet,never,ever等状语连用。例如：I have never heard of that before.Have you ever ridden a horse?She has already finished the work.Have you milked the cow yet?Yes,I have done that already.Ive just lost my science book.有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。,（2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（
14、包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。如：for和since，以及 so far,now,today,this week(month,year)等。I havent seen her these days.She has learnt English for 3 years.They have lived here since 1990.What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的短语连用。,（3）现在完成时还可以用在
15、时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作，例如：Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.If it has stopped snowing in the morning,well go to the park.,（4）have been(to)和have gone(to)的区别：have/has been(to)表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。have/has gone(to)表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。试比较：He has been to B
16、eijing.他曾去过北京。（人已回来，可能在这儿）He has gone to Beijing.他已经去了北京。（人已走，不在这儿）。,一般过去时与现在完成时之比较 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday,last week，ago,in1980,in October,just now,具体的时间状语。共同的时间状语有：this morning,tonight,this Ap
17、ril,now,once，before,already,recently，lately等。现在完成时的时间状语有：for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,等不确定的时间状语。,请大家认真分析比较下列各例句：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）She has returned from Paris.（她已从巴黎回来了。）She returned yes
18、terday.（她是昨天回来了。）He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday,last week,in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.,延续
19、动词与瞬间动词 1)用于完成时的区别：延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)Ive known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till/until 从句的差异：延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做直到”；瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到，才”。He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10点。,典型例题：,1.You dont need
20、to describe her.I _ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet,答案B；首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。,2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh,not at all.I _ here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be,答案A；等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。,五、过去完成时的用法1、概念
21、：表示过去的过去。,-|-|-|-那时以前 那时 现在 其结构是：had+过去分词,2、过去完成时的用法：（1）过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。By the end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.（2）过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。Before he slept,he had
22、 worked for 12 hours.,（3）在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said(that)she had never been to Paris.（4）在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.（5）表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come
23、,but you didnt.（6）过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.,用一般过去时代替完成时 1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又
24、不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。When she saw the mouse，she screamed.My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.2)两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。When I heard the news,I was very excited.3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.,六、现在完成进行时的用法1)表示动作从过去某一
25、时间开始一直延续到现在。现在这个动作可能已经终止，也可能仍然在进行着。如：I have been waiting for you for two hours.我等了你两个小时。(动作不再延续下去)It has been raining for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。(动作可能延续)“How long have you been learning English?”“I have been learning English for two years.”你英语学多久了?-我学了两年了。(动作可能延续)“Why are you so dirty?”“Ive been pla
26、ying football.”你身上怎么这样脏?-我刚才踢足球了。(动作不再延续下去)2)有些不能用现在进行时态的动词，如be，have like，love，know，see，hear等，同样也不能用现在完成进行时，而只能用现在完成时。如：She has been ill for a long time.她已经病了好久了。I have not seen you for ages.我好久没有见到你了。,怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点
27、，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较：,（1）现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如：We have been cleaning the classroom（a）We have cleaned the classroom（b）（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨
28、天打扫的。Be careful!John has been painting the door（a）John has painted the door（b）（a）句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。,（2）现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如：They have been widening the road（a）They have widened the road（b）（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如：Mr.Smith
29、has been living in London since 1978（a）Mr.Smith has lived in London since 1979（b）（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。,（3）但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：My mother has been teaching English for twenty years（a）My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）（a）句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。又，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续并将延续下去，（b）句的动作是
30、否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。,（4）现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如：Have you been meeting her lately？（a）Have you met her lately？（b）（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。,（5）现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如：What have you been doing？（a）What have y
31、ou done？（b）（a）句表示惊异。（b）句只是一个问题。I have been wanting to meet you for long（a）I have long wanted to meet you（b）（a）句比（b）句更亲切，更有礼貌。Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly（a）Recently Mary has done her work regularly（b）（a）句显然是在表扬玛丽。（b）只说明一个事实。,下面还有一例，颇为有趣:Whos been eating my apples？（a）Whos eaten my
32、apples？（b）（a）句有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满，（b）句只是希望回答的一个问题。又，（a）句兼有进行时态，所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思，（b）句是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。,1.He stepped into the office,_ down and began to fill in the forms.A.sitting B.to sit C.sat D.having it2.She said she would telephone but we _from her so far.A.havent heard B.didnt hear C.hadnt heard D
33、.wont hear3.When I got to the cinema,the film_for ten minutes.A.has begun B.had begun C.had been on D.was4.Ill go with you as soon as I_my homework.A.will finish B.finish C.am finishing D.finished5.If it_tomorrow,I wont go to the cinema.A.will rain B.rains C.is raining D.rained6.She is going to be a
34、 nurse when she_up.A.is going to grow B.grows C.growing D.grew,7.“这本书我已经买了三个月了。”，下列哪一句不对？A.I have had this book for three months.B.I have bought this book for three months.C.I bought this book three months ago.D.It is three months since I bought this book.8.Come in,Peter,I want to show you something
35、.Oh,how nice of you!I _ you _ to bring me a gift.A.never think;are going B.never thought;were going C.didnt think;were going D.hadt thought;were going9.When I was at college I _ three foreign languages,but I _ all except for a few words of each.A.spoke;had forgotten B.spoke;have forgotten C.had spok
36、en;had forgotten D.had spoken;have forgotten10.The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _.A.has broken into;has been stolen B.had broken into;had been stolen C.has been broken into;stolen D.had been broken into;stolen,11.The volleyball match will be put off if it_.A.will rain B.rains C.
37、rained D.is raining12.Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes13.The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A.had written;left B.were writing;has left C.had written;had left D.were writing;had left14.Have you moved into the new
38、house?No yet,the rooms _,A.are being painted B.are painting C.are painted D.are being painting15.We havent heard from Jane for a long time.What do you suppose _ to her?A.was happening B.to happen C.has happened D.having happened,16.Do you know our town at all?No,this is the first time I _ here.A.was
39、 B.have been C.came D.am coming17.We could have walked to the station.It was so near.Yes,A taxi _ at all necessary.A.wasnt B.hadnt been C.wouldnt be D.wont be18.If city noises _ from increasing,people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A.are not kept;will have to B.are no
40、t kept;have to C.do not keep;will have to D.do not keep;have to19.Tom _ into the house when no one _.A.slipped;was looking B.had slipped;looked C.slipped;had looked D.was slippping;looked20.The last time I _ Jane she _ cotton in the fields.A.had seen;was picking B.saw;picking C.had seen;picked D.saw;was picking,
