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1、四级翻译常见考点,虚拟语气,1)用于非真实条件句,在正式文体中,上述三种形式的If 可以省略,同时将were,had,should 等助动词提到主语之前。,would have been all right,Had you listened to the doctor,you _(早就好了).,2)用于含蓄条件句,虚拟语气不仅用于一个条件句,还可以隐含在一个由介词引导的短语或上下文中,故被成为含蓄条件句。without(=if there were no“如果没有”),but for“要是没有”,but that“要不是”引导的短语,but,otherwise表示的上下文中隐含的虚拟假设。,I
2、 was very busy yesterday,_(要不然我会去参加那个会议).,otherwise Iwould have cometo themeeting,3)用于(表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等)动词that从句,其形式为“(should)+动词原形”,表示“愿望、要求”:desire,ask,request,demand,require,beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”:suggest,advise,propose,recommend,move,vote表示“决定、命令”:decide,order表示“主张”:maintain,urge表示“同意、坚持”:consent,insist,
3、He insisted that _(她应该送去那所学校).,she(should)be sent to the school,在insist 后的从句中,表示“坚持别人做什么事情”,用虚拟语气;表示“坚持自己,坚持认为”,则用陈述语气。She insists that_(她是对的)。she is right 在suggest 后的从句中,表示“建议某人做某事”时,用虚拟语气;表示“暗示、表明”时,宾语从句用陈述语气。Mother suggested that _(家里没有钱了)。there was no money at home,4)用于It is形容词或分词that从句中,其形式为“(s
4、hould)+动词原形”常见的有:essential,necessary,advisable,appropriate,desirable,important,impossible,natural,strange,surprising,preferable,imperative,desired,demanded,ordered,required,suggested等。,It is vitally important that _(你了解酒后驾驶的危险).,you(should)understand the danger of driving after dinking,5)用于It is(hig
5、h/about)time定语从句,其形式为“did(过去式)”It is(high/about)time 后的定语从句表示早该做而未做的事情,同时含有“建议”的意思,因此使用虚拟语气。,he went home,It is high time that _(他回家).,6)用于wishthat从句 过去情况的虚拟(从句所涉及的情况发生早于谓语动词wish)wish+that+主语+had done 现在情况的虚拟(从句所涉及的情况与谓语动词wish同时存在)wish+that+主语+did/were(be 动词)将来情况的虚拟(从句所涉及的情况在谓语动词wish之后发生)wish+that+主
6、语+would/could/should/might do,I wish that _(我没有浪费那么多的时间).,I hadnt wasted so much time,7)用于一些状语从句 as if/though“好像”,lest,for fear that“恐怕”,in case“万一”,even if/though“即使”,in order that“以便”,so long as“只要”,引导的状语从句或表语从句经常表示与事实相反,其虚拟形式与wish从句完全一致。,8)用于would rather,had rather,would sooner,would(just)as soon
7、,would prefer之后的宾语从句 用来表达“希望”的主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中须用虚拟语气。从句的谓语动词用过去式(did)表示对现在或将来的假设,用过去完成式(had done)表示与过去事实相反,意思为“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的后悔”。,I would rather _(明天他比今天早到学校).,he came to school earlier tomorrow than today,比较结构,1)more(A)than(B)“与其说是B,不如说是A”。例:She was _(与其说是在生气,不如说是难过).【答案】more sad than angry,2)no mo
8、re than(+数词/名词):仅仅,只不过 no more than(+句子):与一样都不(同时否定主句和从句)例:Jack _(和Tom 都不努力学习).【答案】works no harder than Tom.,3)not more than(+数词):不多于 not less than(+数词):不少于 no less than(+数词):多达(感叹多),4)more or less:有点(a little bit);大约;几乎;全然,倒装结构,1)完全倒装,(1)here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,run,lie。Lets
9、 go back to the classroom.There_(铃声响了).Then _(来了一位老人).,(2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。Out _(一只兔子从房间冲出).Ahead _(前方坐着一位有名的教授).,注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词。如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例:Here he comes.,2)部分倒装,(1)疑问句 一般疑问句:助动词/情态动词主语?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+助动词/情态动词主语?Tom asked me,“_(你和谁去逛街)”,注意:当直接引语的疑问句变为间接引语时,倒装语序要变为自然语序(特殊疑问词主
10、谓),同时,也要注意句子时态和人称等的变化。Tom asked me _(和谁去逛街).,who would go shopping with me,Who will go shopping with you?,(2)so/neither/nor置于句首 当叙述与前面相同情况时,我们常使用“so/neither/nor+助动词/情态动词主语”的结构。其中,so 用于肯定,nor/neither表示否定,同时注意助动词或情态动词与时态保持一致。Tom can drive._(Jane也会).If you wont go,_(我也不去).,注意:当so引出的句子表示对前句内容的肯定或附和时,不能用
11、倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。“Tom works hard.”“_(他确实是)”.,so he does,1)So can Jane 2)neither will I,(3)一些强调词语(only,so,such及其组成的短语等)置于句首 Only in this way,_(我们才能解决这个问题).So _(他很生气)that he couldnt speak.To such a degree _(他热爱音乐以致于全身心地投入其中).,1)can we solve the problem2)angry was he(注意时态)3)does he love music that he devo
12、tes himself to it,(4)否定词语(非主语)置于句首 这类词语有:never,seldom,rarely,little,in no time,in no sense,by no means,in no case,under/in no circumstances,in vain,hardly(when),scarcely(when),no sooner(than),not until,neither(nor),not only(but also)等。注意:not only but also连接两个句子时,前一分句要作部分倒装,后一分句不倒装,但可省略与前句相同的成分。hardl
13、ywhen,scarcelywhen,no sooner than,not until等句型中,when,than,until所接的从句不作倒装。,_(无论如何)shall we give up.Not only_(他的所有一切都被没收了),but also his citizenship._(他一到家)than he began to work.,注意:若no,not修饰主语而不是作状语时,句子不必倒装。No survivor has yet been found.还没有发现幸存者。Not all that glitters is gold.不是闪光的东西都是金的。,1)by no mean
14、s2)was everything he had taken away from him3)No sooner had he got home,(5)一些表“程度、方式、地点、时间”的状语前置及 可用部分倒装语序表示“强调”的副词。常见的有:often,always,once,many a time,every other day(hour,),also,too 等。Often_(我的外婆回忆她的童年时光).Under the table_(躺着一个半醉半醒的年青人).,1)did my grandmother recall her childhood2)was lying a half-co
15、nscious young man,(6)as,though 引导的让步从句 as/though引导让步从句,可以将表语、状语或实义动词提前,表示较强的对照。但应注意:句首名词不能带任何冠词。句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。_(尽管她很努力),she never seems able to do the work satisfactorily._(尽管只是一个五岁的小孩),she can recite many ancient poems.,1)Try hard as she will 或 Though she works hard
16、2)Five-year-old Child as she is 或 Though she is just a five-year-old child,非谓语动词,不定式作主语和宾语补足语的用法,动词不定式可以用作句子的主语、宾语、补语、定语、状语、插入语和同位语。在用作主语时,它可以直接放在主语的位置上,但在更多的情况下,特别是当主语较长而谓语较短,常用it作形式主语,而将动词不定式放到谓语部分后边,避免头重脚轻的现象。同理,在不定式作宾语补足语时,也要用it作形式宾语,将不定式移到补足语之后。例:Ive no idea_(完成这项任务需要多长时间).【答案】how long it takes
17、 to finish the task 例:I think_(学英语很重要).【答案】it important to learn English,3.2.4.2不定式逻辑主语的引入 动词不定式的“逻辑主语”可能是全句的主语、全句动词的宾语、句中的中心词或是句中某一名词或代词。但当句中没有适当的词可以充当其逻辑主语时,我们常常借助于for/of 来引入它的逻辑主语,并构成动词不定式的复合结构“for/of 名词/代词动词不定式”。需要注意的是,在表示人物性格、特征等的形容词后面常用of,强调某人做某事反映了某种品质。例:Its kind _(你这么说).【答案】of you to say so
18、例:It is very difficult _(外国人学习汉语).【答案】for a foreigner to learn Chinese,3.2.4.3 疑问词不定式“疑问词”(如:who(m),what,which,where,when,whether,when,how,whether等)加“不定式”构成的短语在句中当“名词”用,可改写成相应的从句。如:The teacher told us how to use the computer(如何使用电脑).此句的疑问词不定式可以还原为:how we can use the computer。但是,与从句相比,疑问词不定式更加简洁,避免时态
19、错误,因此,我们建议大家在翻译中最好采用这一结构。,3.2.4.4 only动词不定式 动词不定式在learn,find,see,hear,to be told,make 等具有终止含义的动词后作结果状语;“only动词不定式”常表示未预料到的、令人沮丧的结果。例:I hurried to the railway station _(却发现火车开走了).【答案】only to find(that)the train had gone,3.2.4.5 省略“to”的不定式(1)感官动词(短语)(see,look at,catch sight of,feel,note,notice,observe
20、,listen to,hear 等)或使役动词(make“迫使”,let,have“要求,使”等)之后的“宾语不定式宾补”结构中,不定式不带to。但是,当这类结构变成被动态时,其后的不定式要加上to。例:They saw the boy _(从树上跌下来).【答案】fall from the tree 例:The boy was seen_(从树上跌下来).【答案】to fall from the tree(2)would rather,had better,would rather than,would sooner(than)和置句首的rather than,sooner than接不带t
21、o的不定式。另外,不带to的不定式短语还有can not but.,cant help but,may(might)as well,do nothing/everything/anything but(except)等。例:_(不看足球比赛),I prefer to see the film.【答案】Rather than watch football game,3.2.4.6 动词sb./sth.to do(不定式)的用法,3.2.4.7 动词-ing(动名词)的用法,3.2.4.8 感官动词/使役动词sb./sth.-ing(动名词)的用法感官动词(或使役动词)后面的复合宾语可以由不带“t
22、o”的不定式构成,也可以由-ing(动名词)构成。前者表示动作已经完成,而后者表示动作正在进行。图示:,例:Do you hear Linda_(正用钢琴弹奏那只曲子)?【答案】playing the piece of music with piano,3.2.4.9动词sb./sth.过去分词的用法 除了上文我们提到的动词不定式(to do)和动名词(-ing)可以构成复合宾语之外,过去分词也可以构成复合宾语,表示该动作与句子宾语之间是被动关系,即宾语是该动作的受动者。例:I must_(找人修好我的自行车).【答案】get my bike repaired,3.2.4.10分词作“状语”特
23、别提示:分词作状语时,与句子主语或“逻辑主语”之间是主动关系,用现在分词;与句子主语或“逻辑主语”是被动关系,则用过去分词。强调动作“比谓语早”或“已完成”,用现在分词的“完成式”;否则,用“一般式”。时间状语 分词作时间状语,可改成时间状语从句,也可在分词前加上连词“when,while,till,until”等。例:_(在国外工作时),he learnt a lot from the colleagues.【答案】Working abroad【解析】此句中,“在国外工作”和“学习”是同时发生的,因此用现在分词的“一般式”。例:_(做完家务后),Mrs.Deng went shopping
24、in the supermarket.【答案】Having done the housework【解析】这里“做完家务”强调do the housework比go shopping要早,重视时间的先后,因而用“完成式”。原因状语 例:_(由于去过很多次),he knows the place very well.【答案】Having been there many times【解析】“很多次”表示“已完成的动作/情况”,所以用“完成式”分词having been,强调其“比谓语(knows)早”。方式和伴随状语 有时可在前面加连词as if,as though,as等。可改成并列结构或从句。例
25、:He stopped _(好像记起了什么).【答案】as if(as though)remembering something,3.2.4.11分词作介词、连词 用来连接词语或句子(不管其“逻辑主语”是什么)。如:concerning“关于”,including“包括”,regarding“关于”,considering“就而论”,seeing(that)“由于”,supposing“假如”,given/provided/granted(that)“假如”,notwithstanding“尽管”,judging from/by“根据来看”等。例:Little is known_(关于这些问题
26、)【答案】concerning/regarding these problems,3.2.4.12分词作独立成分性质的状语 也称“插入语”或“独立成分”,是一种习惯用语,用来说明全句。其“逻辑主语”不在句中,多数由“adv.+-ing分词”构成。如:strictly speaking“严格说来”,frankly speaking“坦率地讲”,generally speaking“总的来讲”,specifically speaking“就某特殊/个别情况而言”,broadly speaking“广义地说”等。例:_(总体来讲),my college life is colorful.【答案】Ge
27、nerally speaking,translation,Though a skilled worker,_(他被公司解雇了)last week because of the economic crisis.2.He was disabled from birth,but he never felt frustrated,_(也从未屈服于任何困难).3.The little boy next door has been beating his drum for a whole morning,which got on my nerves so much _(以至于我无法集中注意力学习).4.T
28、he nation s population continues to rise _(以每年 1200 万人的速度)5.(如果你设法与Smith先生取得联系)_the problem will be solved easily because he is an expert in this field.,6.The restaurant next door serves good food,but the one across the street is much better _(就服务而言).7.Professor Clark was a bit strict with us,_(但我们确实从他那里学到了很多).8.The more you explain,_(我愈糊涂).9.Since my childhood I have found that _(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)10._(不管任务多么艰巨),we must fulfill it in time.,