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1、review,翻译的基本方法音译 Transliteration直译 Literal Translation(word-for-word translation)意译 Free Translation(sense-for-sense translation)艺术加工,意译,Sure,Bob,everybody talks about empowerment,but when the rubber hits the road,the bosses demand to have the last word.译文：当然，Bob，每个人都在谈论放权，但真正开始执行总要等老板的最后决策。What for
2、eign businessmen find encouraging is that ideology is no longer in the drivers seat.译文：令外商感到鼓舞的是意识形态不再左右一切了。,课堂练习,Floating policy is actually a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended.floating policy 总保险单;指用以承包多批次货运的一种持续性长期保险凭证，常译为“统保单”。译：统保单是货物
3、保险的一种便利方法,适合分不同时间出口的一批类似货物。,2.Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract,the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.without prejudice to相当于without af
4、fecting，意为“在不损害的原则下”，“在不影响的情况下”等等。译：在不影响按适用法律或分包合同享有任何权利的情况下，承包商有权扣留或暂缓支付承包商应付给分包商的全部或部分到期金额。,Chapter 2商务英语翻译技巧,Translation Skills,Translation skills,2.1 英译汉词汇翻译句子翻译2.2 汉译英词汇翻译句子翻译,2.1 英译汉,accept maturityProvided you fulfill the terms of the credit,we will accept and pay at maturity date.accept:承兑，认
5、付（汇票等）maturity:期满在贵公司履行信用证条款的条件下，我行将承兑并于期满时支付信用证项下提示的汇票。,一词多义,outstanding settlementRegarding our outstanding account US$6,000,we must request you to send us immediately your check in settlement.outstanding:未完结的，未清的，未付的settlement:支付，结帐有关未付账6，000美元，请立即寄来支票，以便结帐。,Starbucks annual turnover is 60 millio
6、n yuan.That company has a fast turnover because of poor working conditions.turnover:营业额；人员更换率,一词多义现象的翻译,根据语境确定词义We are sorry to say we had to lodge a claim against you to cover our loss and hope you will take action immediately.十分遗憾地奉告，我方不得不向你方提出索赔以弥补我方损失，并希望尽快落实。This is the balance to cover the che
7、ck.这是准备用来交付支票的存款余额。,Case Study,Once the jewels were safely locked up in the bank he had no more anxieties about their security.He gave his house as a security.Treasury securities are revalued daily.security:安全;抵押品，担保品;证券，债券,根据专业确定词义They give 10%discount for cash payment.The exporter may take the acc
8、epted bill to a discount bank before the maturity if he is in urgent need of the amount of money.出口商如果急需用这笔钱,他可以把这个承兑了的汇票拿去贴现银行贴现。If the forward exchange rate is higher than the spot rate,we call it forward premium,and if it is lower,we call it forward discount.如果远期汇率比即期汇率高，我们称之为远期升水;如果远期比即期低，我们称之为远
9、期贴水。discount 贴现银行贴现（银行金融）贴水（金融外汇）,根据搭配关系确定词义The above quoted are the articles in great demand,which have won a high reputation in various markets.上述报价的商品均为畅销货物，它们已在世界各地市场上赢得很高的声誉。The articles in this agreement must not be modified and ended without the agreement by both parties.本协议中所列条款未经双方一致同意不得变动和
10、修改。article:商品；条款,Case Study,The dollars remain strong against several important currencies.Canada is the biggest U.S.trading partner,accounting for more than 20%of both exports and imports,and the Canadian dollar is at all time low against the U.S.dollar.美元对几个国家的货币保持坚挺。加拿大是美国最大的贸易伙伴，占了美国进出口总额的20%。目前
11、加元对美元比价处于历史最低点。,专业性,普通词汇，特殊意义In order to market our new product,we have printed fine literature.literature普通英语中，文学;商务英语中，printedmatters,including leaflets,instruction,productcatalogue,price list,etc.(文字宣传资料，诸如产品说明书、产品目录、价目表等),However,the tariff should not be greater in amount that the margin of pric
12、e caused by dumping.译文:但是，(反倾销)关税税额不应比因倾销而获得的毛利润高。dumping，在商业领域被引申为“倾销”。margin，在商务英语中有“利润、毛额、押金、保证金”的意义。,When Peter Welch,president of Cussons Polska and Uroda SA,arrived at Cussons newly acquired factory in Poland in 1993,he discovered that the concept of teamwork didnt exist.acquire 在商务英语中，“收购”当卡森
13、波兰公司和乌诺达股份有限公司总裁彼得维奇刚到在波兰新并购的工厂时，他发现那儿根本不存在团队合作的概念。注释:Uroda SA:乌诺达股份有限公司。SA 是法语，有时也写成 或S.A.。意思是“股份有限公司”。,半专业词汇The bill of exchange shall be accepted first and then can be honored by the acceptor.honor，“兑现、承付”的意思。该汇票应先承兑，然后由承兑方进行支付。,If all the terms and conditions in the credit are not complied with,
14、the exporter may run the risk of his draft being dishonored by the bank.商务英语中，dishonor 指银行“退票、拒付”。如果信用证的条款不一致，出口商的汇票有可 能遭到银行拒付。,专业词汇lot Labels:labels attached to each piece of multiple lot shipment for identification purposes.Lot Labels:货票标签货票标签：给多批货物每件贴上标签以便于识别。,保险费赔偿房屋出租财产出租停业货币升值,premiumindemnity
15、tenancy lease of propertywind up/cease a businessappreciation of money,作业：,The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.If the buyer fails to pay any account when due,the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date
16、of payment at the rate of five percent per annum,such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller.The articles of our immediate interest are your“CHON-HOI”brand Agricultural Washing Machines.,（保险费率）,被保险的货物,逾期利息,兴趣,2.1.2 句子翻译（p18）,拆句法词性转换法肯定否定转换译法语序重组法省译法增译法重复法,1.拆句法,If a Party breaches
17、any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2,then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws,it shallindemnifyand keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,
18、costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.,合同复合句的分析方法,首先，找出全句的主干结构；其次，要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词；然后再分析从句和短句的功能；最后，分析句子中是否有固定搭配，插入语等其他成分。,If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1,the
19、n in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws,it shallindemnifyand keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result o
20、f such breach.第一步，拆分句子：If a Party breaches in Articles 18.1then in addition to Applicable lawsit shall indemnify and costs,expenses,liabilities and claimsthat such Party or as a result of such breach.,If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1,then in a
21、ddition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws,it shallindemnifyand keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such
22、 breach.第二步，句子的结构分析：句的主干结构是主语（It）（情态动词 动词原形）（shall indemnify and keep indemnifiedagainst）宾语（the other Party and the Company）；“if”引导的是条件从句，条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语（given by it in Articles 18.1）；“in addition to”引导的是增补成分，其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语（available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable law
23、s）；而“that”引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词；固定结构“indemnify sb.against”使某人不受,If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1,then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws,it shallindemnifyand keep indemnifie
24、d the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条所做的陈述或担保，则另一方除根据本合同或适用法律寻求任何可能的救济之外，违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违约行为而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。,practice,The Buyer may,within 15
25、 days after arrival of the goods at the destination,lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.分析：这是一个简单长句，其主干为The Buyers maylodge a claim。修饰谓语动词的状语有三个：a.分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the dest
26、inationb.方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和c.目的for short-weight译文：货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。,作业（拆句）,In order to facilitate business in consideration of the present monetary stringency（银根紧）,the corporation,on behalf of which I am studyi
27、ng this proposition,is willing to base transaction on trade by barter（易货贸易）and would import any articles,which you would ship to the United States.直译：为便于交易，考虑到最近银根很紧，本人正在研究这笔交易所代表的公司希望以易货贸易为基础进行交易，并进口你方能运到美国的任何商品。拆句组合后：最近银根很紧，为谋求达成交易，本人代表公司正在研究如何做成这笔交易。我们希望以易货贸易为基础，进口你方能运到美国的任何商品。,2.He is a good obs
28、erver.,3.Access to the Internet is very simple.,Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.,火箭已经用来探索宇宙。,他善于观察。,上互联网很简单。,Nylon is nearly twice as strong as natural silk.,尼龙的强度尼龙的强度几乎是天然丝的两倍。,2.词性转换法,将英语名词转换成汉语动词，译文更符合汉语的表达习惯。因为与英语相比，汉语句子中动词用得多，除了大量的动宾结构外，还有很多连动式、兼语式等两个以上动词连用的现
29、象。因此，英语中不少词类，如名词、动名词、介词、形容词、副词等在英译汉时往往需要进行一定的调整，转译成汉语动词。当然，英语的名词化和汉语的动词化并不排除在英译汉时把英语动词转化成汉语的名词，再如：,美国与德国汽车制造商在欧洲市场竞争得异常激烈，迫使我们不得不改变投资计划。（英语名词转换成汉语动词）,Extremely keen competition between American and German vehicle manufacturers in the European market has compelled us to change our investment plan.,A
30、government report targets earnings from industry at US$200 billion by 2008.,The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production.,政府的一份报告提出一个指标：到2008年，要使工业收入达到 2 000 亿美元。（英语动词转换成汉语名词）,通过批量生产可以大幅度降低生产产品的成本。（英语介词转化成汉语动词）,Before World War II the most successful attempt to red
31、uce tariffs by reciprocal bargaining was the trade agreements program of the United States,which was limited,however,by its bilateral nature.,第二次世界大战之前，通过互相谈判降低关税的最成功的努力是美国的贸易协定计划，但是这一计划受其双边性质的限制。（英语代词转换成汉语名词）,Advertising affects tremendously every sphere of modern life.,The fair price connected wit
32、h the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.,广告对现代生活的方方面面产生极大的影响。（英语副词转换成汉语形容词）,我方各种各样的产品价格公平，品质优良，能够确保在国际市场的竞争优势。（英语名词转换成汉语形容词）。,I have the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international
33、 markets.,我荣幸地告诉你，贵公司的新产品已经打入了国际市场。（名词转换成副词）,Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.,林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片，就得首先把鸦片焚毁。（形容词+名词转换为副词+动词，名词转换为动词）,1.Males and females are equal in their right to inheritance.,（形容词转换为名词；介词转换为名词）,继承权男女平等
34、。,There must be less empty talk and more hard work.,For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods.,（名词转换为动词）,一定要少说空话，多做工作。,（形容词名词转换为副词动词）,二十年来我们坐视原材料价格下跌与工业品价格暴涨（的情况）。,Amplification(增词法),3.增减法（
35、Amplification&Pruning）,By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear,to make it more like the language translated into.Of course words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.In other words,a tr
36、anslator is not supposed to add any meaning to the original.There are two kinds:1)Words for syntactic constructionto secure correctness,2)Words supplied for semantic completionto secure clearness.Both aim at making the version expressive and readily understood by the reader.,增词法（Amplification）：增补同义词
37、增补范畴词增补产品名称,晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。,2.Our product is indeed cheap and fine.,我们的产品物美价廉。,3.Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.,读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。,Warm up,In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the
38、 drafting of the final communiqu.,增补同义词,增词法,The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can decrease loss,cost and budget.产品的革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以减少损失、降低成本并削减预算。如果直译成：“产品的革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以减少损失、成本和预算。”那么，句中的“减少”和“成本”的搭配就不妥当，所以有必要增补相应的汉语词汇。,practice,Investor confidence
39、is crucial to the success of our economic system.投资者的信心对于经济体系的成功运行至关重要。Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business,contract and draft.买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。如果直译为：“买卖双方正忙于交易，合约和汇票的磋商。”那么，“磋商”和“合约”及“汇票”的搭配也不准确，因此，需要译者根据汉语的搭配习惯做出增补。,增补范畴词,在英译汉过程中考虑到汉语的表达习惯，经常增加的范畴词有：方法、措施、情况、情绪、状
40、态、现象、方面、问题、关系、工作等。The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors.影响市场对商品需求的变化情况有内因和外因两方面的因素。如果直译就是：影响市场对商品需求的变化有内因和外因两方面。但若添加范畴词“情况”、“方面”等来修饰相应的抽象名词，changes和 factors 更加具体、明确，符合汉语的修辞需要。,practice,The tension in the Middle East has attrac
41、ted much attention.中东的紧张局势已引起了全世界的广泛关注。The terms of the contract must be clear,definite,certain and complete.合同条款必须书写清楚、意思明确、语气肯定、内容完备。Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency,the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the comp
42、any.如果这些问题得不到紧急解决，员工队伍中随之出现的消极怠工情绪无疑将对公司的整个运营业绩产生负面影响。,混乱局面 饱和状态 废物回收利用 准备工作 管理部门 冗员，多余信息 补救措施 解决方案 修改方案 有利地位 落后状态,.,confusion saturation recycling preparation management redundancy remedies solution modification advantage backwardness,说服工作 紧张局势 自满情绪 疯狂行为 敌对态度亵渎行为军事,政治,经济等方面,.,persuasion tension arr
43、ogance madnessantagonismprofanitymilitarily,politically and economically,增补产品名称,词义对于英文中缺失的产品名称，翻译时有时要根据具体情况增补出来。如：The price which society pays for the law of competition,like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries,is also great.社会为竞争法则付出的代价，犹如它为便宜的舒适家用商品和高档消费品的代价一样巨大。comfort 和 luxury 都是抽象
44、名词，但在构成复数后，词义就具体化了。否则该句就会产生这样的误译：社会的竞争法则付出的代价犹如它为便宜的舒适和奢侈付出的代价一样巨大。,The five Toyota,twenty Hitachi and thirty Fuji Xerox have long been ready for shipment,but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.5辆丰田牌汽车，20台日立牌电视机和30台富士施乐牌复印机早已备妥待运，但因你方信用证延迟到达，货物不能按期装运。原文中Toyota，Hitach
45、i，Xerox都为世界知名品牌，在翻译时要按汉语的习惯用法把他们的产品名称补充完整，才能使译文具体明了。,4.减词法（Omission or pruning）,to leave out some unnecessary words.One of the differences in syntax between English and Chinese is the disparity in wording.What is regarded as a natural or indispensable element in one language may be regarded as super
46、fluous or even“a stumbling block”in the other.For the sake of succinctness,functional words in English such as the article,the preposition are usually omitted in translation.See examples:,A difference arose between the neighbors over the height of the fence.邻居之间为了篱笆的高度惹起了一场争论。邻居为篱笆的高低有过争论。（思果，译道探微，中
47、国对外翻译出版公司，2002）P149。Fight when you can win;move away when you cannot win.打得赢就打;打不赢就走。,It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in May.I was delighted when,as a result of the effort of your company,it proved possible to reinstate the visit so
48、quickly.,原打算五月份访华，后不得不推迟，深感失望。由于贵公司的努力，访问这么快得以重新安排，非常高兴。,减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省，但总体效果无非是在更透彻地理解原文基础上更流畅地表达出来。,A teacher should have patience in his work.,The products should be sampled to check their quality before they
49、 leave the factory.,I framed the words in my mind,“Pardon me,but have I done something to offend you?”,（省略冠词）,当老师的应当有耐心。,（省略冠词）,产品出厂前应该进行抽样质检。,（省略介词和名词）,我心里在嘀咕：“对不起，我有什么举止行为冒犯你了吗？”,With the weather so stuffy,ten to one itll rain presently.,天这样闷，很可能就要下雨了。,University applicants who had worked at a job
50、 would receive preference over those who had not.,（省略介词）,报考大学的人中，有工作经验的优先录取。,Unless you propose something definite together with larger improvement on your price,we are not inclined to place a large order.Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.Deliverymust be effe
