《法律英语》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Lesson Two,Legal Profession法律职业,Legal profession:the body of individuals qualified to practice law in a particular jurisdiction the legal profession 法律专业,Background,律师attorney法官judge检察官attorney for government法学教师law teacher,Attorney General of the United States(美司法部长,总检察长)Justices of the Supreme Cou

2、rt of the United States(最高法院大法官)Chief Justice of the United States(首席大法官),法律英语,3,Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States,法律英语,4,The first Chief Justice was John Jay.The 17th and current Chief Justice is John G.Roberts,Jr.,法律英语,5,约翰杰伊(John Jay,1745年12月12日1829年5月17日)出生于英属美洲纽约省,是一位美国政治家、革命家、

3、外交家和法学家。他与本杰明富兰克林和约翰亚当斯一同出使法国、与亚历山大汉密尔顿和詹姆斯麦迪逊一起撰写了联邦党人文集。他还曾任美国最高法院法官,从1789年到1795年他出任美国首席大法官。1829年逝世于纽约威切斯特郡。,法律英语,6,法律英语,7,John G.Roberts,Jr:Chief Justice,法律英语,8,John G.Roberts,Jr,On September 29,2005,John G.Roberts,Jr.was confirmed by the United States Senate as the 17th Chief Justice of the Unit

4、ed States.At 50 years of age,he became the youngest Chief Justice since John Marshall took the bench in 1801 at the age of 45.,法律英语,9,Part 1 The Bar,Bar法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。,美国律师协会,法律英语,10,律师,美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney at-lawCounselorCounselor at-law,英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师,出庭律师Solici

5、tor非诉律师诉状律师,事务律师,法律英语,11,Attorney,lawyer,barrister和solicitor有什么区别,1.Attorney或者attorney-at-law,中文意思是律师或者法律代理人。是指可以接受当事人的委托并有资格在法庭上代表委托人,并以委托人的名义参与案件的申辩。2.Lawyer,这个词我们都是直接把它译成律师,它的定义是指受过专门的法律培训,在法律事务上提供法律建议和帮助的人。因为lawyer可以在法庭审理程序中参与诉讼,并且在各个不同的审理阶段代表客户。所以lawyer一词超出且覆盖了attorney的含义。在美国,lawyer和attorney这两个

6、词被认为是同义词。,法律英语,12,3.barrister和solicitor的区别 在英国和在香港,律师的抬头就更加细分了。律师分为两种,solicitor是普通事务律师或简称为律师,其职责大体上是处理各种法律文书,接受各种诉讼委托,准备庭审所需的各种文件,其出庭的发言权是受到限制的;只有所谓的大律师或大状(barrister)才在所有法院享有不受限制的出庭发言权,可在庭上与原告律师或控方唇枪舌剑,展开辩护,但他们不能直接与讼人/当事人接触。市民有意聘用大律师要先行与律师(solicitor)接触,搜集案件的证据和会晤证人等事,是由律师办理的。,法律英语,13,Differences bet

7、ween barristers and solicitors,Essentially,barristers are the lawyers who represent litigants as their advocate before the courts of that jurisdiction.They speak in court and present the case before a judge or jury.In some jurisdictions they undertake additional training in order to hone(磨炼)their sk

8、ills with evidence law,ethics,and court practice and procedure.,从本质上讲,大律师是代表当事人展开辩护在审判之之前。他们在法庭上、法官或陪审团面前陈述案情。在某些司法管辖区,他们为了磨练他们的技能与证据法学,伦理学和法院惯例以及司法程序进行额外的培训。,法律英语,14,Differences between barristers and solicitors,In contrast,solicitors generally engage in preparatory work and advice,such as drafting

9、 and reviewing legal documents,dealing with and receiving instructions from the client,preparing evidence,and managing the day-to-day administration of a matter.Solicitors can provide a crucial support role to a barrister when in court,be it in managing large volumes of documents in the case or even

10、 negotiating settlements outside the courtroom while the trial continues inside.,法律英语,15,相比之下,律师一般从事筹备和法律咨询工作,如起草和审查法律文件,处理客户提出的要求,准备证据,和进行重要的日常管理工作。在法庭上律师可以向大律师提供一个重要的支撑作用,不仅是在处理大量的文件的过程中,甚至在庭外进行谈判或庭内进行审判。,法律英语,16,Barrister,法律英语,17,Supreme Court Chamber,法律英语,18,虽然美国承袭了英国的法律传统,但是美国的律师却与英国律师有很多区别:在法庭

11、上,美国的律师不像英国的律师那样头戴假发,身穿长袍。而且,美国没有英国那种律师职业的划分,没有“出庭律师”(barrister,或译为“大律师”、“诉讼律师”等)和“诉状律师(solicitor,或译为“小律师”、“非诉律师”等)之别。在美国,任何律师都可以在法庭上代理诉讼,也可以从事各种各样的非诉讼业务。当然,在实践中有些律师只做诉讼业务,有些律师只做非诉讼事务。但这种专业划分是律师自己的选择,不是法律的限定。,法律英语,19,目前,美国有很多专门的刑事辩护律师,也有很多专门提供各种非诉讼法律服务的律师。而且,跻身非诉讼法律事务的律师越来越多。过去,出类拔萃的律师都是在法庭上能言善辩的人。现

12、在,美国律师界的佼佼者往往是那些很少在法庭上露面的人。,法律英语,20,The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states,each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice.对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。,text,法律英语,21,Most require three years of college and a law degree.Each state administe

13、rs its own written examination to applicants for its bar.,三年大学法律学位书面考试,法律英语,22,Almost all states,however,make use of the Multistate Bar Exam,a day-long multiple-choice test,to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law.,各州律师联考州综合问答题,法律英语,23,The Multistate Bar Examinat

14、ion(MBE)is a six-hour,two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts,torts,constitutional law,criminal law,evidence,and real property.,法律英语,24,每个州有一个律师资格考试委员会,负责组织本州的律师资格考试。考试时间一般设在每年的2月和7月,每次考两天。第一天是综合法律考试,内容涉及美国各种法律,形式为选择题。第二天为本州法律考试,形式一般为问答题和案例分析。美国律师资格考试的通过率很高。,法律英语,25,法律英语,

15、26,A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try,and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt.通过第一次考试的人很多,那些第一次未能通过的考生在第二次也就通过了。,法律英语,27,In all,over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations to the bar in their respective states.每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。No apprent

16、iceship is required either before or after admission.在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。,法律英语,28,The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts,在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts

17、upon compliance with minor formalities.在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。,法律英语,29,法律英语,30,A lawyers practice is usually confined to a single community for,although a lawyer may travel to represent clients,one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted.律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办

18、理事务只能在获准开业的州从业,法律英语,31,律师通常只能在其获得律师执业证书的州从事法律业务。例如,一个纽约州的律师不能到加利福尼亚州执业,甚至都不能向加利福尼亚州的客户提供关于纽约州法律的咨询服务,如果他的纽约州客户在加利福尼亚州遇到了法律纠纷,他一般都会请加利福尼亚州的律师去代理诉讼。对加利福尼亚州的法院来说,纽约州的律师跟外国律师没有太大的区别。但是在实践中,各州对偶尔提供跨州法律咨询服务的外州律师还是比较宽容的。,法律英语,32,It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions.在其他

19、管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外,在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。,法律英语,33,One who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time,often five years.如果一个人已经执业5年以上,那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候,通常不用再参

20、加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。,法律英语,34,A lawyer may not only practice law,but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens.,从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动,法律英语,35,It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients,to engage in business,and to participat

21、e actively in public affairs.,董事会 从事商业活动积极参与公共事务,法律英语,36,A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge,an employee of the government or of a private business concern,or a law teacher,any may return to private practice from these other activities.律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后,还保留着律师

22、的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动,回来再做律师。,法律英语,37,A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry.有很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活动而放弃律师业务。,法律英语,38,The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidence by the career of Harlan Fiske S

23、tone who was,at various times,a successful New York lawyer,a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law,Attorney General of the United States,and Chief Justice of the United States.,法律英语,39,Harlan Fiske Stone1872-1946,Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11,1872 in Chest

24、erfield,New Hampshire(新罕布什尔州).著名法学家,法律英语,40,After graduating from Amherst(阿姆赫斯特)College in 1894,he continued on to Columbia University from which he received his law degree in 1898.The next year he was admitted to the New York bar.加入纽约律师协会,法律英语,41,In 1910 Stone became the dean of the Columbia Law Sc

25、hool.In 1924 he was appointed to be Attorney General.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长(总检察长),法律英语,42,In 1925 he was nominated(提名,指定)to the Supreme Court.While on the Court,Stone was a strong supporter of President Roosevelts New Deal legislation.Roosevelt appointed Stone Chief Justice in 1941.Stone died in 1946 at th

26、e age of 73.最高法院法官罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官,法律英语,43,These is no formal division among lawyers according to function.美国没有律师职业的划分。,英国:Barristers:出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors:诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师,法律英语,44,there is no branch of profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court,nor is there a branch that speci

27、alizes in the preparation of legal instruments.,法律英语,45,Legal instrument:法律文书Instrument:文契Instrument of appeal:上诉状Instrument of evidence:证据文件,法律英语,46,The American lawyers domain includes advocacy,counseling,and drafting.Furthermore,within the sphere broadly defined as the“practice of law”the domain

28、is exclusive and is not open to others.代理诉讼,出庭辩护;咨询服务;起草文书;律师实务,法律英语,47,In the field of advocacy,the rules are fairly clear:any individual may represent himself or herself in court but,with the exception of a few inferior courts,only a lawyer may represent another in court.出庭辩护:当事人本人代理律师,法律英语,48,The

29、 lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counseling and drafting of legal instruments,as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation.咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。就联邦所得税,律师执业与会计执业划分不清。,法律英语,49,However,the strict approach of most American c

30、ourts is indicated by a decision of New Yorks highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York,even though the advice is limited to the law of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted.纽约最高法院规定,

31、在外国而不是在纽约取得执业资格的律师,不得给纽约的当事人提供法律咨询,即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国法律,美国大多数法院都采取了这一严格的措施。,法律英语,50,A foreign lawyer may be admitted to the bar of one of states and may,even without being admitted,advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law.外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接纳为会员,甚至在没有被接纳的情况下,作为外国法律顾问向美国律师咨询。,法律英语,51,Qu

32、estions about text,1.What are the basic requirements for admission to practice law in the United States?2.Why are there greater needs for specialized law practice now than in the nineteenth century?,法律英语,52,美国传统节日一览表 1月1日 新年(New Years Day)2月12日 林肯纪念日(Lincolns Birthday)2月14日 圣瓦伦丁节(情人节)(St.Valentines

33、Day)2月18日 华盛顿诞辰日(Washingtons Birthday)3月17日 圣帕特里克节(St.Patricks Day)4月1日 愚人节(All Fools Day/April Fools Day)4月*日 复活节(Easter)(一般指3月21日或其后第一个星期日)5月*日 植树节(Arbor Day)(五月的第二个星期五,各州不一)5月*日 母亲节(Mothers Day)(五月的第二个星期日)5月*日 阵亡将士纪念日(Memorial Day)(五月的最后一个星期一),法律英语,53,6月14日 国旗日(Flag Day)6月*日 父亲节(Fathers Day)(六月的第

34、三个星期日)7月4日 独立日(Independence Day)9月*日 劳动节(Labor Day)(九月的第一个星期一)10月12日 哥伦布日(Columbus Day)10月*日 老兵节(Veterans Day)(十月的第四个星期一)11月1日 万圣节(Halloween)11月*日 感恩节(Thanksgiving Day)(十一月的最后一个星期四)12月25日 圣诞节(Christmas),法律英语,54,Part 2 Lawyers in private practice独立开业的律师,Among these fifteen lawyers in practice,nine,a

35、clear majority,are single practitioners.在独立开业的律师中,大多数(9/15)是单独开业者。,The remaining six practice in law firms,which are generally organized as partnerships.剩下的6个人组成律师事务所,一般采用合伙制。Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates,a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or

36、 another lawyer.6个人中有4、5个是合伙人;其他1、2个是受雇律师,他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师,领取工资。,Firm:商行(非法人团体)Partnership:合伙,ordinary partnership(普通合伙),partnership agreement(合伙协议)partnership debt(合伙债务)Partner:合伙人Associate:合伙人,同事,伙伴;(美)受雇律师,美国律师The Lawyers(美)马丁梅耶,这里没有品德高尚或知识渊博的人,也没有对金钱不屑一顾的人,然而结果律师却成了最高的政治阶层和社会上最文明的那一部分人如果有人问我这些美国的

37、贵族都是哪些人,我会毫不犹豫地回答,他们不是那些靠特别关系形成的有钱人,而是法官和律师。,在整个美国,律师常常是社会的领导人物:他们受托对教育机构、博物馆、教堂、医院等进行管理(通常作为领导者);他们无偿地向慈善团体提供服务、进行公民自由权诉讼,替惹上麻烦的穷人辩护,美国历届六成是律师,美国内战以来所产生的州长约半数曾经是律师;美国的参众议员也总是有近60%的人是律师。第2任总统,约翰亚当斯:律师第3任总统,托马斯杰斐逊:律师第4任总统,詹姆斯麦迪逊:律师第16任总统,亚伯拉罕林肯:售货员,船员,土地测量员,邮政局长,律师第32任总统,富兰克林德兰诺罗斯福:律师第44任总统,奥巴马,成为美国历

38、史上首位黑人总统;律师,参议员;(州,国会),大约有3/4的现职律师是“熟练律师”他们在某个律师事务所中工作,门前写着他们的名字,他们代表委托人,人们往往以为他们完全依赖律师费谋生。,全国近一半的执业律师在人口低于20万的城镇里工作,另外不到40%的律师在50万以上人口的城市里工作。这一比率稳定地保持了近十二年。许多诉讼繁多的城镇中甚至每名牙医就有二三个律师。法律不是年轻人的职业:70岁以上的律师比30岁以下的律师多,律师的平均年龄达到47岁左右。3b岁以上的律师才有资格进人美国律师协会的“初级律师协会”。大约每40名律师中有I名是女性,每100名律师中有1个黑人。超过1/5的律师是犹太人,而

39、纽约市的犹太籍律师甚至超过了3/5。,律师合作关系是I9世纪美国的产物(在英国被一分为二的律师行业中,高级律师不允许拥有这种永久性的合作关系,而初级律师却不受此限制)。最初,律师之间的合作关系主要是两类律师:事务律师(英国称初级律师)和出庭律师(英国也称高级律师)之间的相互合作。随着工业社会的发展,特别是世纪之交小型公司的纷纷倒闭,委托人的问题变得极其纷繁复杂而绝非任何个人能独立处理。到20世纪60年代中期,大约有50家律师事务所拥有50名以上的律师,其中有一半在纽约。直至50年代,这些律师事务所的人事比例一般都是1名合伙人拥有3一4个“助理律师”,尽管这些助理律师通常都比较年轻,但是其中资历

40、较老的律师不乏佼佼者。,随着60年代法律行业的竞争日趋激烈,对律师能力提出了更高的要求,律师事务所的这一人事比例正在不断地改变以满足法学院毕业生的需求,从法学院毕业的具有才干的律师显然不会满足于过去合伙人与助理律师1:10的比率。许多大型律师事务所中合伙人与“助理律师”在人数上已十分接近(有的事务所合伙人的数量甚至超过了助理律师)然而必须提到的是:“合伙人”这个词,与广告公司的“副总裁”一样,意味着他能够支配相当一部分资历较浅、依赖于工资生存、并对案件无足轻重的雇员。,美国早期律师的执业形式都是单独开业。19世纪后期,非诉讼法律业务的发展促进了律师的组合,一些大城市里出现了由数名甚至数十名律师

41、共同开办的律师事务所。20世纪以来,美国律师事务所的规模不断扩大,而且出现了许多跨州和跨国的“大所”。例如,美国的贝克律师事务所目前是世界上规模最大的律师事务所,共有律师1600多人,在世界各地建有55个分所。,Legal500在华的外国律师事务所排名 安理国际律师事务所 高伟绅律师事务所 富而德律师事务所 年利达律师事务所 贝克。麦坚时国际律师事务所 史密夫律师事务所 孖士打律师行 美国众达律师事务所 路伟律师事务所 西盟斯律师行 伟凯律师事务所 安德慎律师事务所 英国欧华律师事务所,This trend toward group practice is of relatively rece

42、nt origin.,合伙开业集体执业,这种集体执业的趋势只是近年来才开始出现的。,Throughout most of nineteenth century,law practice was general rather than specialized,its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting,and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner.律师业务是一般化的,而不是专业化的主要业务是出庭辩护,而不是提供

43、咨询和起草文书美国律师的原型是单独开业者。,Marked specialization began in the later part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers.the work of the lawyer accommodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counseling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes.19世纪后期,在金融中心附近的大城市,出现了显著的律

44、师专业化。律师为客户提供专业咨询和起草文书,以防止和解决争议。,The best lawyers were attracted to this work 最好的律师被吸引来做这些事。leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in courts and who were sought after as advisors,planners,and negotiators.律师界的领导人物多为那些极少出庭即使确曾出庭的话,成为作为顾问、计划者和谈判者深受欢迎的人。,gravitate:grvitei

45、t vi.受吸引,下沉,重力吸引例句与用法:1.The conversation gravitated to sport.谈话的内容转到了运动方面。2.When this beautiful girl arrived,all the men in the room gravitated towards her.这美貌的姑娘一到,全屋的男人都让她吸引住了。,if ever:如果有过的话,如果发生过的话例句与用法:1.He is a great musician if ever there was one.如果曾经有过伟大的音乐家,那他就是一个。2.That was a fine meal if

46、ever there was one!那确实是一顿丰盛的饭。,Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in shaping of their policies.目前律师们认为不断熟悉客户的业务问题,并参与决策制定的每一个步骤是一种正常、合理的执业形式。,Major business transactions are rarely undertaken withou

47、t advice of counsel.主要业务的处理很少在没有律师的建议下可以进行的,House counsel:企业法律顾问。指受雇于某一企业,为其提供法律服务的的律师。他们是企业的雇员,而非独立的律师,负责就企业日常的经营活动提供建议。大企业通常设有法律部门,指定专门的律师负责处理同企业的经营活动有关的某一特定领域的法律问题,如:劳动法、税法、人身伤害赔偿、公司法等。,Part 3 House Counsel,受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师Out of every twenty lawyers,two are employed by private business concerns,s

48、uch as industrial corporations,insurance companies,and banks,usually as house or corporate counsel in the concerns legal department.20个律师中有2个受雇于私人企业,如工业公司、金融公司、银行。专职法律顾问,公司法律顾问,out ofprep.离.一段距离,离开.,出于,缺乏 Brown is out of the England team.布朗与英格兰球队无关,the growth of corporationsthe complexity of busines

49、sthe multitude of problem posed by government regulation,The general counsel(总法律顾问)An officer of the companyServe on important policy making committeesServe on the board of directors.,公司管理人员重要决策委员会董事会,House counsel,remain members of the bar 保留律师协会会员身份entitled to appear in court有资格出庭进行诉讼,House counse

50、l,However,it is the house counsels skill as advisor rather than as an advocate that is a valued asset.专职律师的专长是法律顾问而不是辩护律师,这是个珍贵的财富。,Constantly in touch with the employers problem,house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its bro

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