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1、,初中英语语法句子结构1.主谓宾定状补2.五个基本简单句,英语句子结构,概念句子有一定的语法结构和语调，用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子是表达思想的基本单位，只有完整的句子才能表达完整的思想。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子的末尾要有标点符号。句子成分是指构成句子的各组成部分，即词和短语在句子中的各种语法意义。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。,句子成分分类,1主语 主语是指句子谈论的主题，也就是
2、句中动作、行为、性质和状态的主体。一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：讲述“谁”We work in a big factory.讲述“什么 The classroom is very big.数词作主语 Three are enough.不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语 What we need is food.在“There be”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of m
3、ilk in the box.在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：It is very interesting to play the game called“treat or trick”.It took two workers about three months to build the house.,2谓语1）简单谓语谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。eg:1)I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态)2)I(made)your birthday cake last night.昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。(一般过去时主动语态)3)It is us
4、ed by travelers and business people（all over the world）.全世界旅行者和商人都使用它(一般现在时被动语态),2)复合谓语,第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成 What does this word mean?这个单词是什么意思？I wont do it again.我不会再做它（指这件事it one mor-e time）。Ill go and move away the bag 我会移走这袋米的。You had better catch a bus.你最好乘坐公交车。,第二种是由连系动词+表语构成例如：You look
5、the same.你(们)看起来一样.We are all go home，我们回家吧。My pen is in my bag.我的钢笔在我的书包里。I fell tired all the time.我整天感到疲惫.He seemed rather tired last night.他昨天看起来相当的累.连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割,系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。可分为六类：状态系动词、持续系动词、表像系动词、感官系动词、变化系动词、终止系动词。,(1)状态系动词：be动词：am is are(
6、2)持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand。如：I hope youll keep fit.我希望你身体好。He stayed single.他仍然是单身。,(3)表像系动词：表示“看起来好像”，主要有seem,appear,look等。如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems(to be)quite happy.他好像很快活。(4)感官系动词：表示“起来”，有look,feel(摸起来，感觉),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来，吃起来)等。如：This kind
7、of cloth feels very soft.这种布摸起来很软。He looks honest,but actually hes a rogue.他看起来很老实，实际他是一个坏蛋。,(5)变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。His cold was growing worse.他的感冒越来越严重了。The milk will soon turn sour.牛奶很快就会变酸。We get wiser as we get old.随着年岁的增长，我们
8、也变得聪明些了。（6）略,情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.,3表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.形容词作表语 You look younger than before.名词作表语 My father is a teacher.副词作表语 Everyone is here.介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre.不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语 That is why h
9、e didnt come to school yesterday.,4.宾语,宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I believe that they c
10、an finish the work in time.,5宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。如:形容词作宾补Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.,省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to
11、lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.,在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。We call him Jack.They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：Do you think
12、 his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.,4.定语:用来修饰名词或代词的词.形容词,形容词性物主代词,名词,不定式,介词短语,不定代词等.This is a red car.The building is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wife.I have something to tell you.The man in front of the gate is Mr.Li.Every student has an Engl
13、ish book.,7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：He did it carefully They missed me very much.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.When I was young,I could swim well.,初中英语：简单句的五
14、种基本句型,这五个基本句式如下：1)S十V主谓结构2)S十V十P主系表结构3)S十V十O主谓宾结构4)S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构5)S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构【注】S=Subject(主语);V=Verb(谓语动词);P=Predicative(表语);O=Object(宾语);INO=Indirect Object(间接宾语);DO=Direct Object(直接宾语);OC=Object Complement(宾语补足语),1.S+V 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如:He laughed.John
15、has read widely.He lives in London.,2.S+V+O 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如:Our team beat all the others.,3.S+V+P 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)
16、等。如:The rose smells sweet.,主谓双宾,4.S+V+INO+DO 此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词有answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:Mr.Li told us an interesting story.Would you please give this dictionar
17、y to Li Hua?,主谓宾宾补,5.S+V+O+OC此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如:We must keep our school clean.They made him their monitor.,Exercises,一、划分句子成分1.They are working on the farm now.2.Seeing is believing.3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much.4.Sh
18、e became a doctor in 1998.5.The book lying on the floor are mine.6.Suddenly it begins to rain.,7.To catch the train,I got up early yesterday 8.I always find her happy 9.He wonders if I still study English.10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine.11.We always work
19、hard at English.12.He said he didnt come.,13.They love each other.14.What did you bye?15.She watched her daughter playing the piano.16.your job today is to help the old.17.Speaking doesnt mean doing.18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.19.The children bought their parents a car fo
20、r the 25th anniversary of their marriage.20.It takes me an hour to get there.,二、指出下列句中主语的中心词,The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is ve
21、ry difficult.,三、选出句中谓语的中心词,I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B
22、.meeting C.the library D.afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast,Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didnt C.do D.his homework What I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is We had better send for a doctor.A.We B.had C.send D.do
23、ctor He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music Whom did you give my book to?A.give B.did C.whom D.book,四、挑出下列句中的宾语,My brother hasnt done his homework.A B C D People all over the world speak English.A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A B C D How many new words di
24、d you learn last class?A B C D Some of the students in the school want to go Aswimming,how about you?B C D,The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.A B C D They made him monitor of the class.A B C D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on A B C D the left.You will find it useful
25、after you leave school.A B C D They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.A B C D,五、挑出下列句中的表语,The old man was feeling very tired.A B C D Why is he worried about Jim?A B C D The leaves have turned yellow.A B C D Soon they all became interested in the subject.A B C D She was the first to learn abo
26、ut it.A B C D,六、挑出下列句中的定语,They use Mr.Mrs.with the family name.A B C D What is your given name?A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep.A B C D I am waiting for the sound of the other sho
27、e!A B C D,七、挑出下列句中的宾语补足语,She likes the children to read A B C newspapers and books in the reading-room.D He asked her to take the boy out of A B C school.D She found it difficult to do the work.A B C D,They call me Lily sometimes.A B C D I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.A B C D Did you see Li Ming playi
28、ng football on A Bthe playground just now?C D,八、挑出下列句中的状语,There was a big smile on her face.A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs.A B C D He began to learn English when he was eleven.A B C D The man on the motorbike was travelling too A B C Dfast.,With the medicine box under her arm,Miss L
29、i A B Churried off.D She loves the library because she loves books.A B C D I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.A B C D The students followed Uncle Wang to see the A B C D other machine.,九、划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语,Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week Mr.Li is go
30、ing to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?,十、翻译,在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。这本书是有关美国历史的书。她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。,他指出了我的作文中的错误。五分钟内我们是不可能解出这道题来的。他们高度赞扬了英雄的业迹。这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。恰好那时房里没人。从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。,
