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1、第一节、名词的种类、功能及用法,一、名词的种类二、名词在句中的功能三、各类名词的用法,一、名词的种类名词可从语法和语上分为：,二、名词在句中的功能,1、用作主语2、用作宾语和宾语补足语3、用作表语和主语补语4、用作定语5、用作同位语6、用作状语7、用作呼语,1、用作主语My father is a worker.我父亲是个工人。Miss Zhang lives in Xian.张小姐住在西安。His sister has never been to the U.S.他妹妹从没去过美国。The apple is green.这个苹果是青的。,2、用作宾语和宾语补足语Miss Li learns
2、English.李小姐学英语。We love our motherland.我们热爱我们的祖国。They elected him president of the university.他们选他当大学校长。We always consider her an excellent teacher.我们总是认为她是名优秀的老师。,3.用作表语和主语补语She is a student.她是一名学生。The old man is a model worker.那位老人是位劳模。He is considered the head of the group.他被当成小组的头头。,4、用作定语Is it a
3、 color film？那是彩色电影吗？All the students are having class in the computer room.所有的学生都在电脑室里上课。,5、用作同位语Lily，my girlfriend，asked me to help her with her lessons.我女朋友莉莉要我辅导她功课。Ronald，captain of the ship，made a serious mistake.船长罗纳德犯了一个严重的错误。Ernest Hemingway，the famous American writer，died of suicide.著名美国作家欧
4、内斯特.海明威死于自杀。,6、用作状语Would you come this morning？今早你能来吗？The car runs 60 kilometers an hour.这个轿车以每小时60公里的速度行驶。I do morning exercise every day.我每天做晨练。,7、用作呼语Hurry up，Tom！汤姆，快点！Sit down，children！孩子们，坐下！,三、各类名词的用法,1、个体名词的用法（1）个体名词有单复数之分。单数个体名词前须加a、an或the等冠词；复数个体名词字尾通常要加s或es，而前面可以不加冠词。I want a book。我要一本书。H
5、e has eaten an apple.他吃了个苹果。He needs the pen（on the table）.他需要（桌上）的那支钢笔。There are many trees.有许多的树。,（2）个体名词前如果有this、these、my、your、our、every、some、whose、which、Johns等限定成分时，则不再加冠词a、an、the。错误：I know a your friend.错误：I know your a friend.正确：I know a friend of yours.正确：I know one of your friends.我认识你的一个朋友。
6、错误：The every student is in the classroom.正确：Every student is in the classroom.正确：All the students are in the classroom.所有的学生都在教室里。,（3）可数个体名词用many、few等词修饰，而不用much，little等词。Many trees become green in spring.春天，许多数都变绿了。Few boys like cleaning.很少有男孩子喜欢搞卫生。There are many students in our school.我校有很多学生。,（4
7、）“a，an，the+单数名词”和不加冠词的复数个体名词可用来泛指同种类的全体。如，A lion is the king of animals.The lion is the king of animals。Lions are the king of animals.狮为兽王。,2、集体名词的用法（1）集体名词分为无生命和有生命两类。无生命集体名词：jewelry 珠宝cutlery 餐具 stationery 文具poetry 诗歌 machinery 机器 underwear 内衣裤glassware 玻璃器具有生命集体名词：audience 观众 association 联合会 clas
8、s 全班couple 夫妇 committee 委员会 family 全家jury 陪审团 government 政府 majority 多数派mob 暴民 party 团队 team 球队,（2）集体名词做整体概念使用时，其用法和个体名词的用法完全一致。Our class is a large one.我们班是一个大班。We have a lot of classes in our school.我们学校有许多班级。The group always follows its leader.该组成员始终追随其领导。The party is divided into three groups.这群
9、人分为三组。,3、物质名词的用法,（1）物质名词是不可数名词，通常没有复数，不加a/an，表示总称时不加the。正确：Coal is very useful in industry.煤在工业上很有用。错误：the coal is very useful in industry.正确：Give him some food and wine.给他些食物和酒。错误：Give him some foods and wines.,（2）物质名词在表示数量时，其前应另加表数量的名词。a bar of chocolate a loaf of bread 一块巧克力 一条面包a piece of paper
10、a blade of grass一张纸 一片草a lump of coal a bag of flour 一块煤 一袋面a block of ice a roll of cloth 一块冰 一卷布a bottle of wine a cup of tea 一瓶葡萄酒 一杯茶a basket of fruit a kilo of sugar 一篮水果 一公斤糖,（3）物质名词要用much，little等修饰，而不用many，few等词修饰。正确：I dont have much time.我没有多少时间。错误：Mr.Wang spends many time to help me.王先生花了许多
11、时间帮我。正确：There is little rain in the desert areas。沙漠地区很少有雨。错误：We had few rain last year.去年我们这儿降雨很少。,(4)物质名词用以指特定的东西，则须加the。如：We cannot live without air.没有空气我们不能存活。（泛指）The air in the room is nasty。（特指）,4、抽象名词的用法,（1）抽象名词为不可数名词，无复数，不加a/an,表示总称时不加the。如：正确：Childhood is the happiest time of a persons life.
12、童年是一个人一生中最愉快的时光。错误：we all have our childhoods。正确：Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。错误：The knowledge is a power。,（2）抽象名词须加much，little等修饰。如：There is little truth in his story.他说的事里没多少真话。The doctor gives him much freedom to see the patients。医生给了他许多探视病人的自由。（3）抽象名词如用以指特定的事物，则须加the。如：All my efforts ended in failure。我所有的努力都以失败告终。（泛指）The failure I have suffered is so great.我遭受的失败如此巨大。（特指）,
