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1、高三英语专题复习,英语阅读理解技巧,分析题干能力训练,体裁分析能力训练,猜词能力训练,猜答案能力训练,教学目标,五种题材：,描写文Description(Descriptive writing)记述文Narration(Narrative writing)说明文Exposition(Expositive writing)议论文Argumentation(Argumentative writing)应用文Practical Writing,高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体，即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段
2、落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。,说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。,体裁分析能力,论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述
3、文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手.文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。,体裁分析能力,一分析命题趋势,“阅读理解”在高考试题中所占分数一直高居榜首，是NMET的重头戏。阅读理解采取“多项选择题”的考查形式，测试点集中，考查角度灵活。阅读理解测试题中，干扰项目的设置具有一定的模糊性，它不仅能检测出考生理解、概
4、括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。从阅读自身规律看，阅读是考生从书面的文字符号中复制表象，提取意义的心理过程，这种心理过程包含有认领、领略、悟解等过程。因此，阅读理解能充分测试出考生的综合运用能力。,五种问题,主旨大意题Main idea questions（包括文章的话题，结构及文章的中心思想）作者态度题Attitude questions逻辑推理、判断题Inference questions词义句意替换题Meaning matching questions（词义、语义的猜测）故事细节题Detail questions,二不
5、同题型的应对策略,1主旨大意题 提问方式有以下几种：1）The general/main idea of the passage is about _ 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？3）In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4）The passage is mostly about _ 5）The passage is mainly concerned about _ 6）What is the main topic of the passa
6、ge？7）What is the best title for the passage？8）The subject discussed in this text is _ 9）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）The passage is meant to.11）The purpose of this article is to,在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考。1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。3.文章或段落的主题句常
7、常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如：On the whole,in short,therefore I agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above,I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above,I would prefer 掌握了找主题句的方法，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。2过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。3把观
8、点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。,分析题干能力,如何寻找主题句,Sample 1 Luck is a key word for explaining the success of many.In 1972 one of the luckiest was Kon Mclean,who wrote and sang“American Pie”.Mclean writes his own music,so he earns an additional two cents every single record of the song.What makes mos
9、t of the rock stars successful in making money?A.Luck B.A successful performance C.Their own music D.Ability,（1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do.Others prefer to be left to work on their own.St
10、ill others like a democratic discussion type of class.No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat.Few invent
11、ions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.In fact,the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand.A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题
12、，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.,return,有关推理的试题常常包括以下类型：1)It can be inferred from the text that _.2)From the text we know that _.3)The story implies that _.4)The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.5)The writers attitude toward.is _.6)The author implied（suggested）tha
13、t 7)It may be concluded from the passage that 8)Which of the following statements does the passage support？9)With which of the following does the author agree？,分析题干能力,如何推理判断,考作者观点态度的提问方式有：1)The author seems to think that _.2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in _.3)The author wants to
14、appeal to _.4)The authors style is _.5)The authors tone would be best described as _.6)What is the authors opinion of _?7)The writer believe that_?8)What is the authors main purpose in the passage?9）In the authors opinion_?,分析题干能力,推断题,1.解推断题应注意：(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。,2.解推断题的方法：解推断题最主要的方法
15、是根据词义关系推断具体细节。,1、是非题出题形式：a.三正一误：Which of the following is true except?Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三误一正：Which of the following is true?这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系：Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned?这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，seco
16、nd，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。,分析题干能力,2、例证题 例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为:The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子
17、与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。,分析题干能力,3、年代与数字:这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。4、比较:比较考点的表现形式主要有：a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；b.表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等；c.表示惟一性的词汇：only,unique等；阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时回原文定位。,分析题干能力,5、原因：这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：result,
18、reason;result in(结果)，result from(由于，baseon(以为基础)，be due to(由于)；because,for,why;as a result,consequently等。阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。,分析题干能力,确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。,分析题干能力,Example 1【2012山
19、东卷C】Peters died in 1984,and a ten-foot wooden squirrel sculpture was placed near the bridge in memory of its builder and his devotion to the project.71.What can we learn about Amos Peters?A.He is remembered for his love of animals.B.He donated$1,000 to build the bridgeC.He was a member of the City C
20、ouncil D.He was awarded a medal for building the bridge.,【答案】A【命题】推理判断题。考查对文章言外之意进行符合逻辑的推理能力。【解析】根据最后一段中的a ten-foot wooden squirrel sculpture was placed near the bridge in memory of its builder and his devotion to the project.可以推断，Peters因为爱动物，倡导修建这座桥而被人们记住。文中没有提到他是否因此得到奖章，因此可以排除D。,Example 2【2012山东卷C
21、】Minor died in 1920,seven years before the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed.The 12 volumes defined 414,825 words,and thousands of them were contributions from a very scholarly and devoted asylum patient.Q：65.Which of the following best describe Dr.Minor?A.Brave and determ
22、ined B.Cautious and friendlyC.Considerate and optimisticD.Unusual and scholarly,解析：【答案】D【命题】推理判断题。考查对文章言外之意进行符合逻辑的推理能力。【解析】从文章的最后一句话可以推断Minor很博学，对做学问很投入，但他同时又是一个精神病人。因此用devoted,scholarship,unusual等描述他最贴切。,return,如何根据上下文判断词语的涵义这种题型常见的设题方式有：1）The underlined word（phrase）in the passage means _ 2）The wor
23、d it（them）in the first paragraph refers to _ 3）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _4）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？,分析题干能力,如何进行词义推断,（一）根据常识、经验猜生词 例如：The old man put on his spectacles and began to read The door was so low
24、that I hit the head on the lintel,猜词能力,眼镜,楣；过梁,（二）根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：1根据文中的定义、解释猜生词。例如：Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water 2利用事例或解释猜生词。例如：The doctor is studying glau
25、coma and other diseases of the eye 3利用重复解释的信息猜生词。例如：Mr.Smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late,猜词能力,4根据同位关系进行判断：阅读中出现一些难词，有时后面就是一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这种解释有时也用连词“or”连接。a）（NMET2001，D篇），and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon（or Old English），a Germanic
26、 language b）（NMET2002，A篇）The Chunnel，a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France，is now complete,猜词能力,（三）利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the words to themselves in a low voice The early scientific study of chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in Egypt in the firs
27、t few centuries AD,猜词能力,（四）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如:原文：However，the question that moon people asked is still an interesting oneA growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it What does the u
28、nderlined word it（paragraph 2）refer to？,猜词能力,由此可以看出it指上句中的the question，,（五）根据转折或对比关系进行判断根据上下句的连接词，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。分号（；）还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated,猜词能力,getting worse,(六)根据因果关系进行判断根据原因可以预测结果，
29、根据结果也可以找出原因。Biggest power failure in the citys historyAll of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted,猜词能力,后一句承接前一句，前一句的原因导致后一句的结果。根据因果关系，停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化，所以melted的词义应为溶化。,（七）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是生词，但掌握了一定的构词法知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如:Market research shows that Gold and o
30、thers who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete,猜词能力,我们知道，prefer的意思是宁愿；愿意，根据上下文可以判断prefer的名词形式preference的含义应是偏爱；爱好。,根据近年来高考阅读理解对同学们提出新的要求，建议同学们在以下几个方面加强自我训练！1猜测熟词新含义例1:The major market force rests in t he grow
31、ing population of white collar employees(白领雇员)，who can afford the new service.例2:“It was the best night we had ever had”,said Angela Carraro,who runs an Italian restaurant.猜测熟词含义除了要求同学们有较强的语境分析能力外，还要求同学们有较宽的知识面，对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法，并将这些词进行简要归纳整理。2猜测词性变换新词含义When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 year
32、s ago，how could they even begin to picture modern life?利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义，关键应在理解原词的基础上，分析它的新词性，并结合原词含义发挥合理想象，从而概括抽象出它的新词义。,猜词能力,细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?2)The author mentions all of the following except.3)Which of the following state
33、ments is correct according to the passage?4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _.5)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?6)What is the example of.as described in the passage?7)The reason for.is.8)According to the passage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.).9)From the pass
34、age we know that _.10)In the passage,the author states that _.,分析题干能力,如何寻找细节,细节理解题：细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，进行语义转换，找出正确答案。,技巧：1.文长题少2.文短题多3.重点读段首句和段未句，看是否有主题句4.问题要求解答案数字、人名、地名、时间5.抓关键词的办法6.画下不懂的难句,猜答案能力,Thank you,
