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1、英语代词、介词、形容词、副词,语法专题讲座（二）,I 代词,代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词等八类,1、人称代词的用法,人称代词有主格和宾语之分：主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语。但在口语中，当人称代词用作表语，用于than,as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时，用主格(较正式)和宾格(较口语化)均可以。如：“Who is it?”“Its me.”“是谁呀?”“是我。”He sings better than me.他比我唱得好。注：单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格，即使它代表主语时也是如此。如：“I
2、 like English.”“Me too.”“我喜欢英语。”“我也喜欢。”,2、物主代词的用法,物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语；名词性物主代词则不能用作定语，但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语等。如：Here is my dog.Its name is Tom.这是我的狗，它的名字叫汤姆。Is that coffee yours or hers?这咖啡是你的还是她的?注：可以说 a friend of mine(ours,yours,hers,his,theirs)，但是不能说 a friend of me(us,you,her,him
3、,them)。有时同一个结构用不用物主代词会导致含义的变化。如：Dot lose heart.别灰心。She lost her heart to Jim.她爱上了吉姆。,3、反身代词的用法,反身代词可用作宾语、同位语、表语等。用作同位语时，主要用于加强被修饰词的语气，可紧放在被修饰名词后或句末。如：He himself was a doctor.他本人就是一位医生。She is too young to look after herself.她太小，无法照顾自己。That poor boy was myself.那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。注：用于 be,feel,seem,look 等后作表语
4、表示身体或精神处于正常状态。如：Ill be myself again in no time.我一会儿就会好的。Im not quite myself these days.我近来身体不大舒服。,4、相互代词的用法,英语相互代词只有each other和one another，它们在句中通常只用作宾语，不能用作主语或状语等。如：Students should help one another.学生应该互相帮助We had known each other for many years.我们认识许多年了。注：相互代词可以有所有格形式(each others,one anothers)。如：The
5、y often stay in one anothers house.他们常常在彼此的家里住()。另外，有人认为 each other用于两者，one another用于三者，但在现代英语中它们常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。,5、指示代词的用法,指示代词主要有四个，即this,that,these 和 those。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。具体使用时应注意以下几点：1.为避免重复，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词如：Our grain output is now 5 times that of 1980.我们现在的粮食产量是1980年的5倍。（that=th
6、e grain output 2.用来回指上文提到的事情时，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文叙述的事情，通常要用 this。如：I want to know this:Is she beautiful?我想知道这一点：她美吗?,3.在打电话时，通常用 this 指自己，用that指对方：Hello.This is Jim.Is that John?喂，我是吉姆，你是约翰吗?4.除用作代词外，this 和that 还可用作副词，用以修饰形容词或副词，意为“这么”、“那么”，相当于 so。如：Ive done only that much.我所做的就这么多。Is he always th
7、is busy?他总这么忙吗?,6、疑问代词的用法,1.疑问代词即指who,whom,whose,which,what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。如：What did she say?她怎么说?Which are our seats?哪些是我们的座位?What are you worrying about?你为什么事烦恼?注：who 和 whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语，不用作定语；what,which,whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语，也可用作定语。,2.what与 which的用法区别：当选择的范围较明确时，用 which；当选择的范围不明确
8、时，用 what。如：Which color do you like,red,black or white?红色、黑色和白色，你喜欢哪种？What color is your car?你的汽车是什么颜色的？,7、连接代词的用法,1.连接代词主要包括who,whom,what,which,whose,whoever,whatever,whichever,whosever 等，它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等（但who,whom,whoever 等不用于名词前作定语），主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等。如：Ask him which he wants.问他要哪一个。The que
9、stion is who can help us.问题是谁能帮助我们。What he says sounds reasonable.他说的话听起来有道理。,2.关系代词型 what 的用法。比较以下句子：I dont know what you like.我不知道你喜欢什么。You can get what you like.你想要什么就可得到什么。第一句中的 what 表示“什么”；第二句中的 what 则具有关系代词的性质，相当于“先行词+关系代词”，表示“所的一切事或东西”，如上面第二句的 what就相当于 everything that。顺便说一句，这样用的 what 有时还可后接一个
10、名词。如：We gave him what(little)help we could.我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。,3.whatever,whoever与whichever的用法：它们可用于引导主语从句和宾语从句，也可用于引导让步状语从句。如：Whoever comes will be welcome.任何人来都欢迎。Whatever she did was right.她做的一切都是对的。Whoever you are,you cant enter.不管你是谁，都不能进去。Whichever side wins,I shall be happy.不管哪边赢，我都会高兴。,八、不定代词的用法
11、,不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类，也是英语中最常考的一类，复习时应注意以下几点：1.some 与 any。some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。但是，在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中，通常要用 some 而不用any。如：Will you lend me some money?可以借些钱给我吗?Why dont you bring some flowers?为什么不带些花来呢?,2.指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both,either,neither)，有的不定代词用于指三者(如all,any,none,every)，具体使用时要根据一定的上
12、下文正确选用。如：He is blind in both eyes.他双目失明。Were they all college students?他们都是大学生吗?注：each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上，而 every 只用于三者或三者以上，因此用于两者时只能用 each，不能用 every。如：There are trees on each side of the road.路的两边都有树。,3.(a)few 与(a)little。few和a few 后接复数名词，而little和a little后接不可数名词。其中不带不定冠词的 few 和 little表示数量很少或几乎没有，强调“少”，含
13、有否定意义；而带有不定冠词的a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有，强调“有”，含有肯定意义。如：He knew few of them.他们中间他认识的人很少。He sold only a few of the papers.他只卖出了几份报纸。He knew little about it.他对此知道得很少。There is still a little left.还剩一点点。,4.all,every,each的用法。从强调重点上看：all强调整体地考虑总体，every 强调考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近)，each则强调逐个逐个地考虑总体；从用法上看：all和
14、each既可单独使用，也可后接名词，还可后接of短语；而every 后必须接名词，既不能单独使用也不能后接 of 短语；从含义上看，each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”，every指三者或三者以上“每个”，因此指两者时只能用 each。,5.other,the other,another,others的用法。指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用 the other；指复数时，若泛指用other(后接复数名词)或others(其后不接名词)，若特指用the other(后接复数名词)或the others(其后不接名词)。如：Show me some others.再拿一些给我看。Show
15、 me another.另拿一个给我看。We should think of others.我们应该多为别人着想。Where are the other students?其他同学在哪里?注：another后一般要单数可数名词，但若其后的名词有数词或 few 修饰，则也可接复数名词。如：Ive got another five minutes.我还有5分钟。,6.no one,nobody,none 的用法。no one 与nobody 用法相似，均只用于指人不用于指物，且其后不能接of短语，用作主语时谓语单数；而none 既可用于指人也可用于指物，其后通常接of短语，用作主语时，若指不可数名
16、词，谓语只能用单数，若指复数名词，则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。如：No one Nobody has read it.没有人读过它。None of this milk can be used.这牛奶一点都不能用了。None of the films is are worth seeing.没有一部电影值得看。,7.复合不定代词的用法。复合不定代词主要包括 something,somebody,someone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,everything,everybody,everyone 等，它们在
17、句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。其中something,someone 等和 anything,anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。使用时应请注意以下几点：(1)受定语修饰时，定语应置于其后。如：Tell us something interesting.给我们讲点有趣的事。There was nobody tired.没有一个人很累,（2)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he,him,his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they,t
18、hem,their。如：If anybody anyone comes,ask him them to wait.要是有人来，让他等着。(3)anyone,everyone 等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语，可用 any one,every one(即分开写)。,代词及其指代一致,1that的指代作用 that指代(不)可数名词（复数:those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with
19、that of listener,and it calls for occasional“digestive pauses”by both.No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.什么面包也不如自己劳动挣得的面包香。,3do的替代作用。do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：For him to be re-elected,what is essential is not that his policy works,but that the public believe that it does.,2on
20、e的指代作用 One:单数，复数:ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数。A good writer is _ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A that B he C one D this,代词指代一致是指指代的名词在词性、数、格上是否一致.When school was over，Jack and me went home together.分析：me应改为I，因为它处在主语的位置上。Our department was monitored by two supervisors,Bill and me.“我”必须用
21、宾格形式-By me,Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm,and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.,代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：1邻近和靠近原则 either or,neithernor,not
22、onlybut(also)Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes,he or she will want a drink,2 no one,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词,或anything,nothing,something everything等不定代词
23、作主语，其相应代词一般按语法一致原则，用单数Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it,can he?Everything is ready,isnt it?,3主语为复数，跟each作同位语时，each位于动词之前，其后代词或相应限定词用复数；each位于动词之后，用单数。如：They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family.,II 介词,介词(preposition)：也叫前置词。在英语里，它的搭配能力最强。但不能
24、单独做句子成分需和名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句）构成介词短语，才能在句中充当成分。We go to school from Monday to Saturday.（介+名)Could you look for it instead of me?（介词+代词）He insisted on staying home.（介词+动名词）I was thinking of how we could get there.（介+代/副）He gives us some advice on how to finish it.（介+不定式to/从句）,介词的种类：,（1）简单介词：about,
25、across,after,against,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beside,but,by,down,during,for,from,in,of,on,over,near,round,since,to,under,up,with等等。（2）合成介词：inside,into,outside,throughout,upon,without,within（3）短语介词：according to,along with,apart from,because of,in front of,in spite of,instead of,owing to,up
26、 to,with reguard to（4）分词介词：considering,regarding,including,concerning,respecting,介词短语的用法,介词在句中不能独立使用，后面必须接一个宾语构成介宾短语（介词词组），在句中可作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。（1）定语（后置修饰语）例句：Chinas powerful Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade will be monitoring trade signals from the new Clinton Administration.简单句。译文：强
27、大的中国对外经济关系与贸易部将密切注视克林顿新政府的贸易动向。,例句：At times,more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of features and editorials.复合句，在than后面省略了more care goes。译文：有时，报纸杂志的广告创作比特写和社论写作更费心。,例句：But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds shou
28、ld continue as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.（2010年第47题）分析：介词短语of admitting that.作point的后置定语，that.从句作admit的宾语从句，regardless of.作让步状语。draw near：“接近，靠近”；intrinsic right：天生的（固有的）权利；economic advantage：“经济利益，经济优势”。,译文：但是，我们至少已经承认了这样一种观点：不管鸟类对
29、我们是否有经济利益，生存都是它们固有的权利。,（2）表语（用于系动词be,look,remain后）Many of the actors and actresses are on location now.译文：许多男女演员现在正在拍外景。In speaking,the choice of words is of the utmost importance.译文：说话时，选词是最重要的。,（3）状语（修饰谓语动词或整个句子，可置于句首、句中、句末）In the long run,however,this hurry to shed full time staff may be as harmf
30、ul to industry as it is to the workforce.（2000年第15题）复合句。译文：但是从长远来看，草率地解雇全职员工，既不利于职工，也有害于产业。,译文：一家研究机构的研究结果一致表明，所有国家的工人都可以在岗位上接受培训以获得极高的生产率，从而极大地提高生活水平。,例句：The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically highe
31、r productivity and,as a result，radically higher standards of living.（选自2009年Text 3）复合句，that workers.of living是have shown的宾语，workers是宾语从句的主语，谓语部分是can be trained，radically higher standards of living和radically higher productivity是achieve的并列宾语。,（4）补足语A really powerful speaker can work up the feelings of
32、 the audience to the fever of excitement译文：一个真正有感召力的演讲者能激起听众的激情。Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.（1996年第4题）本句的主动形式为people made observations of the children.。短语make observations of意为“观察、记录某人某事”。译文：观察报告开头是关于儿童的问题，结尾是关于学龄前儿童和小学一年级学生的问题。
33、,III 形容词,形容词一般可以在句子中做定语，表语等成份,1 以-ly结尾形容词：costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的,3 只作前置定语的形容词 earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 丝一般的 monthly
34、每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅，只不过 only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的,2 以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语：afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的，惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 无能的,4下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形
35、容词做表语：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。如：All those left undone may sound great in theory,but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.,形容词与副词的比较级与最高级,1-Do you enjoy listening to records?-I find records are often_,or better
36、 than an actual performance.A as good as B as good C good D good as as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时，不能省略任何一个介词。AOn the whole,ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.,The number of registered participants in this years marathon was _ hal
37、f.A of last years B those of last years C of those of last year D that of last year（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”,故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，答案为D。Young readers,more often than not,find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackerays.,倍数词+asas,或倍数词+morethan，但again一般放在原级词之后，即“as+原级again+as”.Eg
38、.My uncle is as old again as I am.如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills _ people each year than automobile accidents.A seven more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven times(答案为B),“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?No,I would gladly have paid
39、_ for it.”A twice so much B twice as much C as much twice D so much twice(答案为B)eg.He had twice as much money as I did.,eg.Prior to his departure,he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研题),4）不用比较级却表比较：inferior,minor,senior,prior,prefer to,superior,major,junior,preferable,differ from,compared wi
40、th,in comparison with,different from,rather than.Their watch is _ to all the other watches on the market.A superior B advantageous C super D beneficial,5）表示“越来越”1“比较级and+比较级”2“more and more/less and less+原级”3“ever,steadily,daily等副词比较级”这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，这三种情况引导的比较级后都不需用th
41、an.如：Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse.The road got ever worse until there was no road at all=the road got worse and worse.,6)比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,all the(more)等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”。如 Today it is even colder than yest
42、erday.I have yet more exciting news for you.,7)比较级的特殊句型：A):not so muchas与其说不如说 The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates_ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.答案BA and B as C but D or 人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。,The
43、heart is_ intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.A not so B not much C much more D no more（心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制。答案为D）,There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,_ they can limit how much water you drink.（D）A much more than B no more than C no less
44、 than D any more than no/not any lessthan两者一样,都注意基本上与no/not any morethan意思相反:同一样不，和同样不 Eg.She is no less beautiful than her sister.,Just as the soil is a part of the earth,_the atmosphere.A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is（答案为C）D)just as so 正如，也（用倒装结构）,最高级形式应注意的问题：,1）最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,a
45、mong。in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：in China,all over the world.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers,of the four dresses.注意：among相当于one of,不说among all。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来 如：_all visible lights,red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.A Among B Of C For D To 答案为B,2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较
46、对象的范围应用：any other+单数名词 the other+复数名词 the others anyone/anything else 上述词是用于将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。,3）most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very，用法区分单复数，但不能用定冠词the，如：a most interesting book,most expensive restaurants，要注意与“the+形容词最高级of+名词”的结构表示的最高
47、级的区别，如：He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language,不用比较级和最高级的形容词：,1）表示颜色的有：white,black 2）表示形态的有：round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形)，leve
48、l 3)表示性质和特征的有：atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy,3）表示状态作表语的有：afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike 4）表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,fin
49、al 5）表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite6）含有绝对概念的有：absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.,平行结构与比较级,平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如：The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the m
50、oment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比not onlybut(also);preferto;rather than有的是同类对比：and;but；or；both and；eitheror;neithernor.,平行结构测试时候注意以下几点：1注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die ones feet than_.A living on one
