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1、管理学院 School of Management,佟瑞 Edward Tong，MPM，MBA,2023/10/17,1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,43,Where We Are Now,Project,a dream realization,Select a dreamUse your dream to set a goal Create a planConsider resourcesEnhance skills and abilitiesSpend time wiselyStart!Get organized and
2、go,2023/10/17,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,4,I have a dream!,What is Work breakdown structure?,It is a selective outline of the project.The early stages of developing the outline serve to ensure that all tasks are identified and that participants of the project have a understanding
3、 of what is to be done.Once the outline and its detail are defined,an integrated information system can be developed to schedule work and allocate budgets.,2023/10/17,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,5,46,Defining the Project,Step 1:Defining the Project ScopeStep 2:Establishing Project
4、 PrioritiesStep 3:Creating the Work Breakdown StructureStep 4:Integrating the WBS with the OrganizationStep 5:Coding the WBS for the Information System,We can control only what we have planned.,47,Step 1:Defining the Project Scope,Project ScopeA definition of the end result or mission of the project
5、a product or service for the client/customerin specific,tangible,and measurable terms.Purpose of the Scope Statement To clearly define the deliverable(s)for the end user.To focus the project on successful completion of its goals.To be used by the project owner and participants as a planning tool and
6、 for measuring project success.,48,Project Scope Checklist,Project objective(what,when,and how much?)Deliverables(the expected outputs over life of the project,)Milestones(natural,important control points in the project.Easy to recognize)Technical requirements(ensure proper performance)Limits and ex
7、clusions(limits of scope)Reviews with customer(internal and external),Scope definition should be as brief as possible but complete,one or two pages are O.K.!,49,Project Scope:Terms and Definitions,Scope StatementsAlso called statements of work(SOW)Project CharterCan contain an expanded version of sc
8、ope statementA document authorizing the project manager to initiate and lead the project.Scope CreepThe tendency for the project scope to expand over time due to changing requirements,specifications,and priorities.,410,Step 2:Establishing Project Priorities,Causes of Project Trade-offsShifts in the
9、relative importance of criterions related to cost,time,and performance parametersBudgetCostScheduleTimePerformanceScopeManaging the Priorities of Project Trade-offsConstrain:a parameter is a fixed requirement.Enhance:optimizing a criterion over others.Accept:reducing(or not meeting)a criterion requi
10、rement.,411,Project Management Trade-offs,FIGURE 4.1,Trade-offs among time,cost,and performance,One of the primary jobs of a project manager is to manage the trade-offs among time,cost,and performance.To do so,project manager must define and understand the nature of the priorities of the project.,20
11、23/10/17,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,12,413,Project Priority Matrix,FIGURE 4.2,414,Step 3:Creating the Work Breakdown Structure,Work Breakdown Structure(WBS)An hierarchical outline(map)that identifies the products and work elements involved in a project.Defines the relationship of
12、 the final deliverable(the project)to its subdeliverables,and in turn,their relationships to work packages.Best suited for design and build projects that have tangible outcomes rather than process-oriented projects.,What is work breakdown structure?,Once the scope and deliverables have been identifi
13、ed.The work of the project can be successively subdivided into smaller and smaller work elements.The outcome of this hierarchical process is called the work breakdown structure(WBS)WBS is a map of the project.,2023/10/17,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,15,416,Hierarchical Breakdown of
14、 the WBS,FIGURE 4.3,*This breakdown groups work packages by type of work within a deliverable and allows assignment of responsibility to an organizational unit.This extra step facilitates a system for monitoring project progress(discussed in Chapter 13).,417,How WBS Helps the Project Manager,WBSFaci
15、litates evaluation of cost,time,and technical performance of the organization on a project.Provides management with information appropriate to each organizational level.Helps in the development of the organization breakdown structure(OBS).which assigns project responsibilities to organizational unit
16、s and individualsHelps manage plan,schedule,and budget.Defines communication channels and assists in coordinating the various project elements.,418,Work Breakdown Structure,FIGURE 4.4,419,Work Packages,each work package is a control point.,A work package is the lowest level of the WBS.It is output-o
17、riented in that it:Defines work(what).Identifies time to complete a work package(how long).Identifies a time-phased budget to complete a work package(cost).Identifies resources needed to complete a work package(how much).Identifies a person responsible for units of work(who).Identifies monitoring po
18、ints(milestones)for measuring success.,420,Step 4:Integrating the WBSwith the Organization,Organizational Breakdown Structure(OBS)Depicts how the firm is organized to discharge its work responsibility for a project.Provides a framework to summarize organization work unit performance.Identifies organ
19、ization units responsible for work packages.Ties the organizational units to cost control accounts.,421,Integration of WBS and OBS,FIGURE 4.5,422,Step 5:Coding the WBS for the Information System,WBS Coding SystemDefines:Levels and elements of the WBSOrganization elementsWork packagesBudget and cost
20、informationAllows reports to be consolidated at any level in the organization structure,423,WBS Coding,424,Responsibility Matrices,Responsibility Matrix(RM)Also called a linear responsibility chart.Summarizes the tasks to be accomplished and who is responsible for what on the project.Lists project a
21、ctivities and participants.Clarifies critical interfaces between units and individuals that need coordination.Provide an means for all participants to view their responsibilities and agree on their assignments.Clarifies the extent or type of authority that can be exercised by each participant.,425,R
22、esponsibility Matrix for a Market Research Project,FIGURE 4.6,426,Responsibility Matrix for the Conveyor Belt Project,FIGURE 4.7,427,Project Communication Plan,What information needs to be collected and when?Who will receive the information?What methods will be used to gather and store information?W
23、hat are the limits,if any,on who has access to certain kinds of information?When will the information be communicated?How will it be communicated?,428,Information Needs,Project status reportsDeliverable issuesChanges in scopeTeam status meetingsGating decisionsAccepted request changesAction itemsMil
24、estone reports,429,Developing a Communication Plan,Stakeholder analysisInformation needsSources of informationDissemination modesResponsibility and timing,430,Shale Oil Research Project Communication Plan,FIGURE 4.8,431,Key Terms,Cost accountMilestoneOrganization breakdown structure(OBS)Scope creepP
25、riority matrixResponsibility matrixScope statementProcess breakdown structure(PBS)Work breakdown structure(WBS)Work package,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,32,1,The method used to collect information to use through all phases of the project life cycle is called cA.Responsib
26、ility matrixB.Organization breakdown structureC.Work breakdown structureD.Priority matrixE.Work package,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,33,2,Jose is looking at a document that outlines the specific tasks and subtasks required to complete the writing of a technical support m
27、anual.The method that was probably used to develop the document is most likelycA.Responsibility matrixB.Organization breakdown structureC.Work breakdown structureD.Priority matrixE.Work package,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,34,3,The first step in creating the necessary in
28、formation to manage a project is tobA.Establish project prioritiesB.Define the project scopeC.Verify the budget availableD.Assign team members to work on the projectE.Determine the required completion date,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,35,4,Linda has just been assigned a
29、project to develop a new advertising campaign for an established product.Her first step should be tobA.Establish project prioritiesB.Define the project scopeC.Verify the budget availableD.Assign team members to work on the projectE.Determine the required completion date,5,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008
30、copy reserved Jinan University,36,Research shows the most frequently mentioned barrier to project success isdA.Not enough budget resourcesB.Poor performance by team membersC.Weak project leadershipD.Poorly defined scope or missionE.Political in-fighting,6,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jin
31、an University,37,An expected output over the life of a project would be classified asaA.A deliverableB.A productC.An end objectD.An objectiveE.A target,7,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,38,The first step of project scope definition is to eA.Analyze the strategic plan B.Anal
32、yze the current budget planC.Meet with team membersD.Select team membersE.Define the overall objective to meet the customers needs,8,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,39,In reviewing the project plan,Susan sees that the first prototype is due by October 12.This would be best
33、classified as a cA.Project targetB.Limit itemC.MilestoneD.Project objectiveE.Critical goal,9,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,40,The ability of 911 emergency systems to identify the callers phone number and location are considered to be aaA.Technical requirementB.MilestoneC.
34、Project limitD.Project exclusionE.Project deliverable,10,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,41,Which of the following is not one of the items that would appear on a project scope checklist?dA.DeliverablesB.Technical requirementsC.ObjectivesD.Work breakdown structureE.Reviews w
35、ith customer,11,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,42,To construct a high-quality,custom home within five months at costs not to exceed$150,000 is best classified ascA.A deliverableB.A milestoneC.An objectiveD.A limitE.An exclusion,12,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved J
36、inan University,43,The second step in the defining of a project would be tocA.Analyze the strategic planB.Analyze the current budget planC.Establish project prioritiesD.Select team membersE.Define the major objectives to meet the customers needs,13,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan Univ
37、ersity,44,Which of the following is not one of the basic classifications of project priorities?aA.ProfitB.CostC.TimeD.PerformanceE.All of these are basic classifications,14,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,45,If a project criterion indicates that the project must meet a spec
38、ific date,that criterion is classified asaA.ConstrainedB.EnhancedC.AcceptedD.LimitedE.Fixed,15,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,46,Scott has just been given a project that has a specific target date.After discussion with top management he finds that while the date is importa
39、nt the cost is more important and a slip in delivery would be acceptable if required to meet the cost targets.The target date is best classified ascA.ConstrainB.EnhanceC.AcceptD.LimitE.Optional,16,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,47,_,The tool used to assist in making projec
40、t trade-offs between schedule,budget,and performance objectives is called acA.Responsibility matrixB.Work breakdown structureC.Project priority matrixD.Work packageE.Criterion matrix,17,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,48,The lowest element in the hierarchical breakdown of t
41、he WBS isbA.A deliverableB.A work packageC.A cost accountD.A lowest sub deliverableE.An object,18,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,49,The highest element in the hierarchical breakdown of the WBS iseA.A work packageB.Sub deliverablesC.A cost accountD.Major deliverablesE.The p
42、roject,19,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,50,All of the following are true about work packages exceptcA.Consume resourcesB.Assigned to only one managerC.Have medium to long durationD.Definitive starts and stops datesE.All of these are true,20,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy
43、 reserved Jinan University,51,All of the following are usually included in a work package excepteA.What will be done?B.The time needed to complete the work.C.A single person who is responsible for its completion.D.All the costs for the work package.E.All of these are included in a work package.,21,2
44、023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,52,The integration of project work packages within the organizations management structure is known as bA.Responsibility matrixB.Organization breakdown structureC.Work breakdown structureD.Priority matrixE.Process breakdown structure,22,2023/10
45、/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,53,The final step in the creation of a Work Breakdown Structure is toaA.Code the WBS for trackingB.Assign the cost account to a managerC.Assign the work package to a managerD.Develop the responsibility matrixE.All of these are included in the final
46、step,23,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,54,The intersection of the WBS and the OBS is called thedA.Responsibility matrix B.Priority matrixC.Work packageD.Cost accountE.Project overlap,24,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,55,Creating an extranet websi
47、te or an internal software database system would be most closely associated with the cA.Responsibility matrixB.Organization breakdown structureC.Work breakdown structureD.Priority matrixE.Process breakdown structure,25,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,56,If a project is smal
48、l or of narrow scope and does not require an elaborate system,which of the following is a good choice?aA.Responsibility matrixB.Organization breakdown structureC.Work breakdown structureD.Priority matrixE.Process breakdown structure,26,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,57,The
49、 project scope statement indicates that the client is responsible for training the people who will be using the equipment and that the project team will train the clients trainers.This is an example of:cA.Project objectivesB.DeliverablesC.Limits and exclusionsD.Technical requirementsE.Milestones,27,
50、2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,58,The tendency for the project deliverables to expand over timeusually by changing requirements,specifications,and prioritiesis called:bA.Scope erosionB.Scope creepC.Project bloatD.Scope enhancementE.Project add-ons,28,2023/10/17,Edward Tong
