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1、0,Introduction of Bluetooth Technology,WS KANGPrincipal EngineerNetwork Solution Lab.Corporate R&D CenterSamsung Electronics,August 30,2000,1,Who Started Bluetooth?,The Bluetooth SIG(Special Interest Group)was formed in February 1998EricssonIBMIntelNokiaToshiba Now 9 Promoter member 3COM,LUCENT,MS,M
2、otorola(1999)There are 1800+adopter companiesThe Bluetooth SIG went“public”in May 1998The Bluetooth SIG work(the spec:1,500 pages)became public on July 26,1999,2,The Bluetooth Technology,Creates an open industry standard to revolutionize wireless connectivity for personal and mobile devices.Substitu
3、tes a wireless air link for physical connections between electronic devices located in a single area(the piconet).Establishes rapid,ad-hoc connections between one or more devices with required security(point to point,paired,or multipoint).Permits instantaneous,effortless exchange of voice and data b
4、etween suitably configured devices(the profiles).Accelerates the growth of mobile data connectivity.,3,The Bluetooth Technology,FeaturesFlexible network topologyLow energy consumptionRobust dataHigh quality voice transferBluetooth valuesTrade MarkedFreedomSimplicityReliabilityVersatilitySecurity,4,W
5、hat does Bluetooth do for you?,5,What is Bluetooth?,A Short Range Wireless Communication TechnologyIntended to create Personal Area Network or PAN(s)Operating Range of 10 Meters(optional 100 meters mode)Operates in Free Scientific Communication Band2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHzProvides Multiple Levels of Secur
6、ityFrequency HoppingData WhiteningData EncodingData EncryptionTargeted at all types of DevicesWiresless Telephones(Cellular,Portables,Satellite,etc.)Computers,PDAs,Peripherals,etc.Set-top Boxes,Audio Systems,Cameras and Camcorders,etc.Comsumer Electronics,Headsets,Remote controls,etc.,6,What is in t
7、he Bluetooth Specification?,A hardware/software descriptionAn application framework,7,Sharing Common Data,Usage scenarios:Synchronization,User benefitsProximity synchronizationEasily maintained databaseCommon information database,8,Wireless Freedom,Usage scenarios:Headset,User benefitsMultiple devic
8、e access Cordless phone benefitsHands free operation,9,Remote Connections.,Usage scenarios:Data access points,User benefitsNo more connectors Easy internet accessCommon connection experience,10,Bluetooth System Overview,Bluetooth Block Diagram,RFTransceiver,FLASH,BasebandProcessor,Host Processor,HCI
9、,Bluetooth Module,Bluetooth modules include subsystems:RadioBasebandSoftware.and Applications Development Tools,DC Power,Ref Osc,8,11,Radio,frequency synthesis:frequency hopping2.402+k MHz,k=0,781,600 hops per secondconversion bits into symbols:modulationGFSK(BT=0.5;0.28 h 0.35);1 MSymbols/stransmit
10、 power0 dbm(up to 20dbm with power control)receiver sensitivity-70dBm 0.1%BER,12,Radio Basics:Receiver,The RF Transceiver contains both Receiver and Transmitter.The receiver selects the desired signal and removes all other signals present at the antenna(strong interferers will be present both in and
11、 out of the ISM band).The desired signal is downconverted to baseband and demodulated.A digital bit stream representing the demodulated data is output to the baseband sub-system for further processing.,AntennaFilter,LNA,RFMixer,SelectivityFilter&Gain,Demodulator,Digital data,RF energy,VCO,13,Radio B
12、asics:Transmitter,The transmitter accepts digital data at its input and performs modulation,upconversion,filtering and amplification.The RF signal at the antenna must meet strict criteria(spectral occupancy,frequency accuracy,spurious emissions,radiated energy).,AntennaFilter,PA,RFMixer,modulator,Di
13、gital data,RF energy,VCO,14,The Baseband,The Bluetooth baseband processor manages all physical and link layer functions including low level control of the system hardwareA digital ICFunctions implemented in both hardware and software,Frame schedulingData routingCorrelation&down-samplingPacket encodi
14、ng/decodingError correction encoding/error detection&correctionData whitening/de-whiteningCiphering/decipheringCRC codingBuffer PCM dataHost Controller Interface,Format conversionSample rate&receive error reconciliationRadio ControlName requestLink address inquiriesConnection set-upAuthenticationLin
15、k mode negotiation and set-up for data and voiceControl of the Bluetooth modules power mode-sniff,hold,park,15,The Bluetooth network topology,Radio designationConnected radios can be master or slaveRadios are symmetric(same radio can be master or slave)PiconetMaster can connect to 7 simultaneous or
16、200+inactive(parked)slaves per piconetEach piconet has maximum capacity(1 Mbps)Unique hopping pattern/ID ScatternetHigh capacity systemMinimal impact with up to 10 piconets within rangeRadios can share piconets!,16,The Bluetooth network topology,Master/Slave relationship between DevicesMaster contro
17、ls entire piconetA piconet is a group of devices controlled by one masterMaximum number of devices in a single PiconetOne Master7 Active Slave Devices255 Standby Slave DevicesDevices can participate in more than one PiconetDevices can act as slave to other PiconetsParticipation in more than on Picon
18、et creats a scatternetSlave devices to one Piconet can be Master to Another A device can only be Master to a single PiconetMasters and Slaves can exchange rolesExchange of roles creates a new PiconetAll devices are informed and coordinated with new master,17,A,Creating a Piconet,18,slave 1,slave 2,s
19、lave 3,master B,slave 4,slave 5,master A,Scatternet,19,slave 1,slave 2,slave 3,slave 4/master B,slave 6,slave 5,master A,Scatternet,20,Operational States,StandbyWaiting to join a piconetInquireAsk about radios to connect toPageConnect to a specific radioConnectedActively on a piconet(master or slave
20、)Park/HoldLow-power connected statesSniff Duty cycle of the slaves listen activity can be reduced,Inquiry,Page,Connected,AMA,Transmit,data,AMA,HOLD,AMA,PARK,PMA,Low-powerstates,Activestates,Standby,Connectingstates,Unconnected:Standby,Detach,releasesAMA address,21,active slave,master,parked slave,st
21、andby,Operational States,22,Inquiry,23,MASTER,SLAVE 1,SLAVE 2,Sniff Mode,24,active slave,parked slaves,BEACON PM_ADDR,master,Park Mode,25,MASTER,SLAVE X,SLAVE 2,PARK INTERVAL,SLAVE Y,BC,BC,Park Mode,26,Baseband link types,Polling-based(TDD)packet transmissions1 slot:0.625msec(max 1600 slots/sec)mast
22、er/slave slots(even-/odd-numbered slots)polling:master always“polls”slavesSynchronous connection-oriented(SCO)link“circuit-switched”periodic single-slot packet assignmentsymmetric 64Kbps full-duplexAsynchronous connection-less(ACL)linkpacket switchingasymmetric bandwidthvariable packet size(1-5 slot
23、s)max.721 kbps(57.6 kbps return channel)108.8-432.6 kbps(symmetric),27,MASTER,SLAVE 1,SLAVE 2,SLAVE 3,Mixed Link Example,28,Addressing,Bluetooth Device Address(BD_ADDR)48-bit IEEE 802 address 24-bit lower address part(LAP)8-bit upper address part(UAP)Active Member Address(AM_ADDR)3-bit active slave
24、address all-zero broadcast address Parked Member Address(PM_ADDR)8-bit parked slave address,29,625 ms,t,t,master,slave,FH/TDD Channel,30,time,slave,master,Frequency Hopping,31,master BD_ADDR hop sequence master CLOCK phase,Physical Channel,32,Hop Selection,33,access code,packet header,payload,72b,54
25、b,0-2745b,Packet Format,34,PREAMBLE,SYNC WORD,TRAILER,4,64,4,34,24,6,LSB,MSB,BCH LAP BRK,Access Code,35,AM_ADDR,HEC,3,1,8,AM_ADDR,TYPE,FLOW,ARQN,slave active member address,payload type,LC flow control,ACK/NAK,parameter,information,FLOW,1,ARQN,1,SEQN,TYPE,4,SEQN,retransmit ordering,HEC,header error
26、check,Packet Header,36,MULTI-SLOT PACKETS,37,Packet Types,38,Data Rates(kb/s),39,Error Correction,Forward-Error Correction(FEC)1/3 rate:bit-repeat code 2/3 rate:(15,10)shortened Hamming code Automatic Repeat reQuest(ARQ)1-bit fast ACK/NAK 1-bit sequence number header piggy-backing,40,ARQ Scheme,MAST
27、ER,SLAVE 1,SLAVE 2,NAK,ACK,41,Bluetooth Security Features,Fast frequency hopping(79 channels)Low transmit power(range=10m)Authentication of remote devicebased on link key(128 Bit)May be performed in both directionsEncryption of payload dataStream cipher algorithm(128 Bit)Encryption Key(8-128 bit)der
28、ived from link keyFrequent resynchronizedAffects all traffic on a linkInitialization(Pairing)PIN entry by userApplication Level Security,42,Bluetooth Security Features,Based on Stored keysNo user intervention,Access to both devicesManual input of PIN,43,Bluetooth System Interfaces,44,Bluetooth Modul
29、es,A complete Bluetooth system can be manufactured from a small Radio module and other components.To allow a minimum size,the radio is assembled and tested on a substrate with embedded RF features.Then the radio is assembled with other components onto the complete module,which can be tested more sim
30、ply.,Complete BluetoothModule,Radio Module substrateassembled on Bluetooth PCB,45,The Components of Bluetooth Modules,RADIO-a mixed signal IC,analog and digital circuits:modulates RF carrier with data for transmissiondemodulates received signals to extract data streamsynthesizes required frequencies
31、 for RX and TX BASEBAND PROCESSOR-mostly digital IC:extracts information for host from RX data stream;configures TX data from host into Bluetooth packetsMICROCONTROLLER-Manages the links;turns components on and off;a digital ICMEMORY-integrated RAM,ROM;integrated or separate Flash ROM;a digital IC:s
32、tores configuration informationstores short term operating informationANTENNA-transducer to convert signal between conducted and radiated forms.Usually best outside the module.,46,Logical Combinations of Functionality Integrated in Modules,RADIO ONLY Portable phones!Phones contain powerful processor
33、s and memory capable of providing baseband and control functions A cost-effective solution is often to provide a module containing only the radio functionRADIO+BASEBAND.if phone processor does not have excess capacity to support Bluetooth TX data formatting and RX synchronization.RADIO+BASEBAND+MICR
34、OCONTROLLER+MEMORYFor retrofit upgrade and unhosted applications-headsets,PC cardsAppropriate to include crystal and voltage regulation also,47,Types of Applications for Modules,HOSTED:ALREADY CONTAINS A MICROCONTROLLER;may be able to share memory,crystal oscillator,codecPortable phonesPersonal Comp
35、utersPDAsUNHOSTED:Often an excessory to a hosted application;must be complete and self-sufficientHeadset for use with cell phone,or peronal audioMouse for PCJoystick controller for video game,48,Pros:Smaller size Lower cost Improved performance?Time-to-market?Standard interfaceCons:Software upgrades
36、,RFTransceiver,ROM,BasebandProcessor,Host Processor,HCI,Bluetooth Component,Cell Phone,FLASH,Power,Ref osc,Hosted Bluetooth Module Design,49,in Cellular Applications,Pros:Smaller size Lower cost memory?Cons:Software upgrades IC Development RF interface,RFTransceiver,Host Processor,Bluetooth Componen
37、t,Cell Phone,FLASH,Power,Ref osc,ROM,BluetoothProcessor,Bluetooth Baseband Integration,50,Bluetooth Software,SD Client,LC Driver,Timer Driver,HCI-Host Driver,IRQ Driver,L2CAP,RFCOMM,PPP,UDP,TCP,ATCommands,vCard/vCal,SD Server,TCS BIN,HCI,IP,WAE,Baseband w/Link Controller ASIC,Bluetooth RF Module,Aud
38、io,HCI Transport/Drivers,HCI Transport/Drivers,Host Controller,Link Manager,OBEX,WAP,USB,Serial,PCMCIA,USB,Serial,PCMCIA,Host Software,BB SW,RTOS,Flash Driver,Flash Loader,SSI,SCM,DBM,Virtual OS Layer,51,Link Manager,Link managementsetup and configurationpacket selection for quality of service requi
39、redpacket transfersSecurityauthenticationpairingcreate/change link keysencryption including key managementPiconet managementAttach and detach slavesEstablishing ACL/SCO connectionsmaster/slave switchingname requestsHandling of low power modes:hold,park,sniff modesHardware-dependent functionality and
40、 features,52,Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol(L2CAP),Protocol multiplexingenables usage of several higher layer protocols simultaneouslyidentifies packets with required protocolspasses packets for higher layer protocols to appropriate handlerSegmentation and Reassemblysegments higher lay
41、er protocol packets into appropriate data link packets and reassembles them again.Adds logical channel bits for ACL packetshides data link packet lengths for higher layer protocolsQuality of Service negotiates service type for linkmonitors link quality and adjusts for rate,latency,delayallocates cha
42、nnels for SCO connectionsHardware independent(ideally),53,Host Controller Interface(HCI),Provides a common interface between the Bluetooth host and a Bluetooth moduleInterfaces in spec 1.0:USB;UART;RS-232Defines a boundary which allows the independent development of Bluetooth hardware and softwareDe
43、fines a set of messages that are used by upper layer protocols to control and receive notifications from the Bluetooth hardwareProvides a flow control capability that regulates the flow of data between the host and the host controller,54,HCI Transport Protocols,The HCI transport protocols describe h
44、ow HCI commands,event packets,and data packets are communicated between a host and the Bluetooth module.The Bluetooth specification supports the following transport protocols:USB Transport protocolPC Card transport protocolRS232 Transport protocolUART Transport protocol,55,Service Discovery Protocol
45、(SDP),Bluetooth SDP enables Bluetooth devices to discover the characteristics and capabilities of other Bluetooth devices within RF proximityWithin Bluetooth SDP,a service is:any information,resource,or facility that is provided by(or through)one Bluetooth device that is advertised as available to b
46、e used by nearby Bluetooth devicesBluetooth SDP does not provide a general purpose service access/usage mechanism;SDP only enables discovery of services,56,Service Discovery Protocol(SDP),MotivationBluetooth environment is qualitatively different from traditional network environmentsHighly dynamicBa
47、sed upon device proximityDevice-based,rather than network-basedFocusService discovery within Bluetooth environmentOptimized for dynamic nature of BluetoothServices offered by or through Bluetooth devices,57,SDP Client and Server Roles,SDP Server:offers one or more servicesMaintains a database of ser
48、vice information containing one service record for each service offeredEach service record contains a list of attributes describing the serviceSDP Client:needs a serviceSearches for services based on the desired attributes of those servicesRequests additional attributes of the found services,58,SDP
49、Client and Server Roles,LM,L2CAP,SDP Server,SDP Server Role,CO,ServiceRecordsDB,LM,L2CAP,SDP Client Role,CO,SDP Client,BT_module_Ctrl,BT_module_Ctrl,59,RFCOMM,Provide support for legacy applications that use serial cablesIt emulates the 9 wires of an RS232 serial cableLeverage the existing standardG
50、SM TS 07.10The scope is point-to-point communication between Bluetooth devicesIt is a simple transport protocol with framing,multiplexingPlus additional provisions RS232 signal status Remote line status Remote port setting Parameter negotiation,60,RFCOMM Protocol Stack,61,Profiles using RFCOMM,Seria
