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1、2023/3/25,法律英语,1,Lesson Ten,Tort Law,2023/3/25,法律英语,2,Punishment is justice for the unjust.Augustine British writer惩罚是对正义 的伸张。英国作家 奥古斯丁,2023/3/25,法律英语,3,Background,Tort The breach of a duty that results in an injury for which there is a remedy at law.http:/www.legal-dictionary.org/Torts include all
2、negligence cases as well as intentional wrongs which result in harm.,2023/3/25,法律英语,4,Tort law,州法律,判例法,联邦侵权索赔法,2023/3/25,法律英语,5,Federal Tort claims Act,A statute which removed the power of the federal government to claim immunity from a lawsuit for damages due to negligent or intentional injury by a
3、 federal employee in the scope of his/her work for the government.http:/,2023/3/25,法律英语,6,Tort,Remedy-damages,2023/3/25,法律英语,7,Part 1:Introduction,1.Automobile accidents,2023/3/25,法律英语,8,Many circumstances,The plaintiff in a civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will
4、 often rely more on human than on legal considerations民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律的考虑。,儿童受伤,2023/3/25,法律英语,9,A permanent disability of loss of a limb,Compensation and damages补偿费和损害赔偿金,Actual loss 实际损害Intangible damage 无形损害A plaintiff can play on the human reaction of the jury原告利用陪审团的人性反应,20
5、23/3/25,法律英语,10,American law permits,the participation of the attorney in the plaintiffs recovery(contingent fee)美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金）Amount to 25 to 33%of the verdict酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。,2023/3/25,法律英语,11,A tort action 侵权诉讼,A lengthy proceeding诉讼程序时间长 Large expenses honoraria for experts 代价大（专家证人的酬
6、金）A very large verdict（in excess of$100000）判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）,2023/3/25,法律英语,12,2.Tort law and the law of contracts overlap,An injury party has the choice between a tort claim and a suit in contracts.,Conversion非法占有财产 Personal injury人身伤害,Implied contract默示合同Personal injury人身伤害Breach of warranty违背保证诺言,
7、Recovery of intangible damage,2023/3/25,法律英语,13,3.Everyone is liable for his tort act,每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，in limited form also children（however,parents only when they acted as the childs agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）,在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责），but not the state
8、 unless express statutory provision has abolished state immunity.但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。,2023/3/25,法律英语,14,The FTCA permits recovery of money damages because of a negligent or wrongful act or omission by the Federal Government or an employee of the Federal Government while the employee was acting
9、 within his/her scope of employment or office.,Federal Tort claims Act（FTCA）,2023/3/25,法律英语,15,4.Everyone is protected against tortious act,including the embryo.每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。The heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of their relative or testator
10、(wrongful death action)继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。,2023/3/25,法律英语,16,“dram-shop acts”小酒店法令,A party injured as a result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim against him who contributed to the tortfeasors intoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。,2023
11、/3/25,法律英语,17,“dram-shop acts”,Dram Shop acts,enacted in the 19th century,usually impose liability for negligence on the sellers of alcoholic beverages for sales to:persons under the legal drinking age,or those who are obviously intoxicated.People who serve alcoholic beverages may be liable under st
12、ate laws for damages resulting from the consumption of those beverages.drunken driving,2023/3/25,法律英语,18,Part 2:Intentional Torts故意侵权行为,Battery 殴打Assault 侵犯他人身体Conversion of property 非法侵占财产False imprisonment 非法拘禁Trespass to personal and real property 侵占动产、不动产Defamation 诽谤Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权Pro
13、ducts liability 产品质量责任,2023/3/25,法律英语,19,Part 3:Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任,Negligent act,Injury,2023/3/25,法律英语,20,A person is negligent,if he has not complied with his“duty of care”and,has not acted as“a reasonable and prudent man”.如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”，没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样行事。,2023/3/25,法律英语,21,要考虑到,The
14、 special professional qualification for the tortfeasor侵权者的特别专业资质,Architect,Different criteria,Construction worker,2023/3/25,法律英语,22,Duty of care,Restrictive interpretation:The duty must be owed toward the particular plaintiff.必须对特定的原告负有照看义务There is no duty of care to the public at large.不是对广大公众负有照看义
15、务,（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小,2023/3/25,法律英语,23,Guest statutes 宾客法规,Some states exclude a duty of care by the driver of a motor vehicle toward passengers whom he transports gratuitously.汽车司机对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照看责任。,2023/3/25,法律英语,24,In some states,legislation requiring that a guest passenger must prove so
16、mething higher than ordinary negligence in order to recover from the host driver.,2023/3/25,法律英语,25,No claim for compensation不能要求赔偿,The injured partyhas been guilty of contributory negligence共同过失has assumed the risk 预计到有危险,2023/3/25,法律英语,26,Contributory negligence 共同过失,a doctrine of common law that
17、if a person was injured in part due to his/her own negligence(his/her negligence contributed to the accident),the injured party would not be entitled to collect any damages(money)from another party who supposedly caused the accident.http:/,2023/3/25,法律英语,27,Comparative negligence 比较过失,共同过失辩护的严格性已经因为
18、一些州采用了“比较过失”原则而得到减弱。It requires that the respective degree of negligence of both parties be determined and compensation assessed accordingly.要求确定当事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此确定补偿金。,2023/3/25,法律英语,28,Comparative negligence,A rule of law applied in accident cases to determine responsibility and damages based on the
19、 negligence of every party directly involved in the accident.http:/,2023/3/25,法律英语,29,Comparative negligence,The rule under which negligence is measured by percentage,and damages are diminished in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to the person seeking recovery.http:/,2023/3/25,法律英
20、语,30,The doctrine of last clear chance,Even the contributorily negligent plaintiff will be compensated if he can prove that the defendant had the“last clear chance”to prevent the damage.有共同过失的原告如果能证明被告“有最后明显机会”避免伤害，那么该原告就可以获得赔偿。,2023/3/25,法律英语,31,Last clear chance 最后明显机会,The last reasonable opportun
21、ity to avoid an accident or injury.One who has the last clear chance to avoid an injury and fails to do so is usually held solely responsible,notwithstanding the injured persons own contributory negligence.,2023/3/25,法律英语,32,The extraordinarily complex law of negligence,Inconsistent,2023/3/25,法律英语,3
22、3,Part 4:Tort law reform,A.Strict Liability 严格赔偿责任Strict liability is a legal doctrine that makes some persons responsible for damages their actions or products cause,regardless of any fault on their part.,2023/3/25,法律英语,34,For instance,The maintenance of dangerous animals饲养危险的动物Defamation诽谤A rebutt
23、able presumption可反驳的推定The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur不言自明原则,2023/3/25,法律英语,35,Strict liability,Deduced fault or negligence from the nature of the thing or act itself.从事情或行为本身的特性可以推断出存在过错或过失,2023/3/25,法律英语,36,product liability,Dangerous products 危险的产品The production itself 产品本身、Its package 包装In a de
24、fective conditionUnreasonable dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property.对使用者或消费者及其财产造成过度危险,2023/3/25,法律英语,37,“defective”,The product does not meet the reasonable expectations of the ordinary consumer concerning the safety of the product.“缺陷”是指产品未达到一般消费者关于该产品安全性能的合理期望标准。,2023/3/25,法律英语,38,
25、b.“No-fault”,Another reform endeavor which seeks to find more just solutions for ordinary claims based on negligence.另一个改革努力试图寻求对过失侵权普通索赔要求的更公正的解决方案。,automobile accidents,2023/3/25,法律英语,39,Professors Robert Keeton and Jeffrey OConnell,Seek to abolish the fault principle in tort law试图消除侵权法中的过错原则；To a
26、ward compensation without proof of fault according to insurance principles.按照保险原则，在不要过错证明的情况下给予赔偿。,2023/3/25,法律英语,40,No-fault,Traffic accidentProduct liabilityMedical malpractice,Grant compensation for certain injuries without proof of fault,2023/3/25,法律英语,41,Liability will be limited for the manufa
27、cturer,制造商的责任有限Require a relatively lesser insurance premium to cover the risk 只要就风险承担比较少的保险费,No-fault 的优点,2023/3/25,法律英语,42,The injured person will be in a better position 受伤害的人处于比较有利的位置，He will be entitled to receive immediate compensation for his actual loss without lengthy litigation or difficul
28、t proof of fault.他无须进行漫长的诉讼或艰难的过失举证就有权立即获得实际损失的补偿。,No-fault 的优点,2023/3/25,法律英语,43,主要专业词汇,Tort LawFederal Tort claims ActIntentional tortNegligence or negligent tortStrict liability tortPersonal tortProperty tort,2023/3/25,法律英语,44,civil suitsdamages claimsPlaintiffCompensationDamagescontingent feeVer
29、dict,2023/3/25,法律英语,45,ConversionBreach of warrantystate immunityheirs or next of kinTestatorwrongful death actionDram-shop actsTortfeasor,2023/3/25,法律英语,46,BatteryAssaultConversion of propertyFalse imprisonmentTrespass to personal and real propertyDefamationInvasion of privacyProducts liability,202
30、3/3/25,法律英语,47,Liability for NegligenceCausality，Negligent act，Injuryduty of careGuest statutesContributory negligenceComparative negligencelast clear chance,2023/3/25,法律英语,48,Strict LiabilityNo faultThe doctrine of res ipsa loquiturfault principleMedical malpractice insurance premiumActual loss,2023/3/25,法律英语,49,Exercises,1.Questions about the text2.Dictation3.Discussion,
