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1、Unit 25 Attributive clauses,Contents,用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。,定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。,引导定语从句的词就叫做关系词。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分关系代词和关系副词，其中关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as,but等，关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又做从句中的某个句子成分。,This is the book that my father bought me yesterday.这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本
2、书。句中修饰 the book 的 that my father bought me yesterday 就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。The time when he arrives is not known.他到达的时间还不知道。句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。,Look at activity 1,Read P161-162关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who
3、，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which,who,whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。,This is the man who helped me yesterday.这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)The teacher(who/whom/that)you want to see is coming.你要见的老师来了。see的宾语，可省略I met a boy whose father was a astronaut.我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)Her
4、e is the coat which/that will be made to you.这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）,This is the factory(which/that)we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)He has a book whose cover(=the cover of which)is very beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。,关系副词的一般用法,关系副词有when,where,why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time,day,se
5、ason,age,等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place,city,town,village,house,situation等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用for which代替。,Beijing is the place where(=in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(=for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？,关系副词和先行词的关系,I still remember th
6、e day when I came here.This is the house where I lived last year.There are many reasons why people like traveling.I dont like the way that you speak.,on the day=when,in the house=where,for the reasons=why,in the way=that,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can
7、 fly.A plane is can fly.,the machine,a machine,Do activity 2,Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.,a machine,that/which,The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.,The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.,her,The girl,The girl is
8、Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.,her,The girl,The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.,her,The girl,The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.,her,The girl,The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.,her,The girl,The
9、girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.,her,The girl,The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.The girl that/who we saw yesterday is Mary.,关系代词的用法,关系代词在从句中可以：,何时可以省略？,关系代词在从句中可以：,做宾语时可以省略,关系代词,关系副词,状语状语状语,whothatwhomwhichwhose,人物/人人物某人/某物的,whenwherewhy,Read P162-163,限制性定语从句和非限性定语从句“限
10、”是先行词不可缺少的定语.若省去，主句意思不完整或不明确；“非限”是插入成分只是附加的解释说明的作用。This is the house we bought last year.The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.,“限”可以用that引导；“非限”不能用that引导。That is the very tool that we are looking for.I saw a good film,which was about the Long March.,“限”的关系词作宾语时可省；“非限”则不可。I will never fo
11、rget the day（that）we spent together there.His dog,which he liked very much,died yesterday.,“限”一般只修饰先行词；“非限”既可修饰先行词，也可是前面的整个句子或句子的一部分。I have finished the novel that you lent me yesterday.He suddenly fell ill,which prevented him from going to school.,限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定
12、性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整：People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter,who is in Boston now,is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整),含义不同比较：I have a sister who is a doctor.我有一个当医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)I have a sister,who is a doctor.我有一个姐姐，她是当医
13、生的。(只有一个姐姐),Read P164-166,“介词+关系代词”的用法介词+whom只能指人；介词+which只能指物。Look,there comes Tom,for whom I have waiting for an hour.瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。Last Saturday evening,I went to Wu Dongs birthday party,in which I met a foreigner named Jim.上周星期六的晚上我去参加了吴东的生日聚会，在会上我会到了一个叫吉姆的外国人。,She came into the house,on whos
14、e wall there was a portrait of Einstein.她进入了房间，房子的墙壁上有一张爱因斯坦的画像。当先行词是时间、地点、原因从句时，介词+which一般在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语，于是介词+which可以分别用when,where,why代替。但若介词+which不是作时间、地点、原因状语，则不能用when,where,why代替。,Last week,I visited Shanghai,in which I have made several friends.Last week,I visited Shanghai,where I have mad
15、e several friends.上周我参观了上海，在那儿我叫上几个朋友。I will remember the day forever on which I won the first place in the contest.I will remember the day forever when I won the first place in the contest.我将永远记住我在竞赛中获得第一名的那一天。,介词的选用,介词+关系代词 引导定语从句时，介词往往受上下文的约束，究竟使用哪个介词要从下面几方面来考虑。(1)从先行词跟介词的搭配习惯出发。In front of my ho
16、use,there is a tree,in which some birds are singing.我的房子前有一棵树，鸟儿正在树上唱歌。(在树上一般用介词in),(2)从定语从句中的动词、形容词对介词的习惯要求出发。The computer for which I paid 5,000yuan is made in Shenzhen.我花了五千元所买的这台电脑是深圳造的。(pay与for搭配),(3)从先行词、定语从句中的动词或形容词两方面同时考虑出发。如：Do you know the girl with whom the man talked just now?你认识跟那个男谈话的女
17、孩吗？(talk 究竟接to,with还是接about,这该由动词及先行词一起决定),(4)复合介词+关系代词。Go down this road,at the end of which you can see a high building and it is our office building.沿着条路走，在路的尽头你会看到一座高大的建筑，那就是我们的办公大楼。(5)名词+介词+关系代词。He has three children,one of whose children is studying abroad now.他又三个小孩，其中一个在国外读书。,注意：当定语从句的动词与介词是
18、不可分割的固定搭配时，介词不能放到关系代词之前。She has a little daughter,who is looked after by her grandma.不能写成：She has a little daughter,after whom is looked by her grandma.因为，look after 是不可分开的固定短语。,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man whom you spoke was a lawyer.The city which she lives is far away.,to,in,介词+关系代词的情况 2,The man who/whom
19、 you spoke was a lawyer.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,The man who/whom you spoke was a lawyer.The city that/which she lives is far away.,介词+关系代词的情况 2,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,The man who/whom you spoke was a lawyer.The city that/which she
20、 lives is far away.,to,in,介词+关系代词的情况 2,Are these two sentences right?,The man who/whom you spoke was a lawyer.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,介词+关系代词的情况 2,Are these two sentences right?,to,in,The man who/whom you spoke was a lawyer.The city that/which she lives is far away.,Are thes
21、e two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 2,The man who/whom you spoke was a lawyer.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,可见,who、that 不能用与介词之后,介词+关系代词的情况 2,Are these two sentences right?,Activity 5,Peter,are these the folders(which/that)you asked me about?Theres one(which/that)I pasted a Post-It
22、note on.Its the one with the budget proposal,which we need to call a meeting for.Its an important meeting,which we must get clear directions from.Sure.Is there anyone(whom/who/that)you want to talk to beforehand?,1.Do you like the book she spent$10?2.Do you like the book she paid$10?3.Do you like th
23、e book she learned a lot?4.Do you like the book she often talks?5.He built a telescope he could study the skies.6.There is a tall tree outside,stands our teacher.7.China has a lot of rivers,the second longest _ is the Yellow River.8.The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill.9.The man _
24、I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.10.He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,on which,for which,from which,about which,through which,under which,of which,from which,to whom,of which,介词+关系代词的情况练习,习惯上要用that引导的定语从句,(1)先行词是指物的all,
25、little,few,much,any,none,anything,everything,nothing,the one时，或先行词被all,little,few,much,any,every,no等修饰时。All that can be done has been done.能做的都已经做了He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。There is little work that is fit for you.没什么工作适合你做。I have eaten all the food that i
26、s left.我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。,(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last,next)、最高级形容词及the only,the very 等修饰时。This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好办法。This is the very book that I am looking for.这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。,3)先行词包
27、括人和物时,They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in.他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。Which is the house that caught fire last night?昨晚失火的是那座房子？Who is the lady that is playing the piano?在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁？,习惯上不用that引导的定语从句,(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。Yest
28、erday I met Mary,who seemed very excided.昨天我碰到了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。(2)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom,whose或which，且不能省略。The house in which we live is not large.我们住院的房子不大。,I know the young man with whom you live.我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which,who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词.The house(which/that)we live in is not
29、 large.我们住院的房子不大。I know the man(whom/who/that)you live with.我认识和你住在一起的那个人。,None so blind as those who wont see.睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in.任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。I met someone who said he knew you.我碰到一个人，他说认识你。,(3)当先行词是指人的all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,people 等时，多用 who。,(4)当先行词与
30、关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.有位新校长明天来，他将教你们德语。,1.He did all/everything _he could to help me.2.This is the very thing _ I am after.3.We talked about the men and the things _ we remember
31、ed at school.4.He is the only man _ can do the work.5.This is the first thing _ I want to say.6.He is the finest man _ I have ever worked with.7.Who is the man _ spoke to you at the gate.8.Which is the star _ is nearest to the earth.,that,which or who?,that,that,that,that,that,that,that,that,that,wh
32、ich,whose,whom or who?,9.Is there anything else _ you want to say?10.Any person _ has the money can join the group.11.He often speaks the role he played in the play,_ made others upset.12.He opened the door,in front of _ sat a boy.13.The man to _ I spoke is a famous scientist.14.The boy _ mother is
33、dead was brought up by his father.,that,who,which,which,whom,whose,请看下面两题：,(1)He has two children,and both of _ are abroad.A.them B.which C.whom D.who(2)He has two children,both of _ are abroad.A.them B.which C.whom D.who第(1)题选A，第(2)题选C。由于第(1)题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第(2)题没有并列连
34、词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。,He wrote a lot of novels,none of _ translated into a foreign language.A.themB.whichC.itD.what看了上面一题的分析后，也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 B，理由是none前没有并列连词 and 或 but，其实这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是A，注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同，即此句的 translated 不是谓语，而是一个非谓语动词（过去分词），所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子，而是一个独立结构。假若在 translated
35、前加一个助动词 was，则此题应选 B(which)，构成一个非限制性定语从句。所以做这类题要特别小心，千万不要想当然，更不要受定势思维的影响。,(1)I met several people there,two of _ were foreigners.(2)I met several people there,two of _ being foreigners.A.whom B.them C.who D.which补充例句：Weve tested three hundred types of boot,none of which is completely waterproof.我们已经测
36、试过300种靴子，没有一种是完全防水的。She wrote a lot of novels,none of which were popular.她写过许多书，但没有一本是受欢迎的。,A,B,(1)Your coat is still _ you left it.A.where B.there C.there where D.the placewhere答案选A，where引导的是表语从句(=在的地方)，而不是定语从句。(2)Is this school _ your father worked in ten years ago?A.where B.what C.that D.the one答
37、案选D，this school为句子主语，the one 为表语，your father worked in为定语从句。不要误认为this是句子主语，否则school前应加冠词the。,Is this the school _ your father worked in ten years ago?A.where B.what C.that D.the one Is this the school _ your father worked ten years ago?A.where B.what C.that D.the one,C,A,有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句：(1)If a book is in English,_ means slow progress for you.A.as B.which C.what D.that(2)When I say two hours,_ includes time for eating.A.as B.which C.what D.that以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。,Do activity 7,Thank You!,
