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1、醫學圖書館員之繼續教育,邱子恆台北醫學大學圖書館,I.前 言,繼續教育的定義1,專業人員在其整體工作生涯中一個持續不斷的過程，其目標在於監督並提升專業人員在此專業領域中所需要的技術和能力無論是團隊工作或個人工作，它都能增進專業人員工作的效率和效能它已發展成一個值得推廣的活動，並提倡專業人員認同高品質的工作表現,繼續教育的定義2,在專業人員整個工作生涯中，有系統的維持，改善和增廣其知識和技術，以發展專業人員執行其專業責任時所需的工作品質,繼續教育的定義,在圖書館員的工作生涯是一個持續不斷的過程有系統的維持，改善並增廣圖書館員工作所需的知識和技術旨在追蹤檢驗並提升圖書館員的專業技術和能力加強圖書館
2、員工作和提供服務時的效率與效能,繼續教育的重要性,在美國根據美國1994年的調查，21%的醫學圖書館員在大學時是主修英國文學或新聞；19%主修社會學；14%主修教育；只有15%主修生物或生物醫學由此可知，醫學圖書館員在受正規教育時，其學科背景知識相關薄弱,繼續教育的重要性,在台灣由於大學入學考試的分發方式，使得台灣地區圖書資訊學系招收到的學生大多是依分數落點而進到該系，加上公家機構需任用具有國家考試資格的圖書館員，因此圖書資訊學系學生在學時多半不能預知自己將來的工作環境，因而無法針對未來工作所需，於在學時就加強學科背景知識,繼續教育的重要性,在台灣而根據相關文獻顯示，到圖書資訊學研究所就讀的人
3、，很少有醫學方面的工作經驗或教育背景；即使已獲有圖資學碩士學位者，也很少人在大學時是主修科學方面的學科圖書資訊學系一般都是講授圖書資訊學的核心課程，對於有志從事醫學圖書館者，僅再進一步提供選修和醫學圖書館相關的課程,台灣地區圖資系醫學圖書館相關課程一覽表,繼續教育的重要性,醫學圖書館員所處的大環境不但變化快速，而且攸關生命，館員持續地提升其專業知能是很重要的近年來資訊技術發展快速，對各行各業都有深遠的影響個人電腦，新興資訊儲存媒體，網際網路，與通訊技術，更改變了醫學圖書館的作業，讀者現在可以不必親自到館就能取得更多的資訊,繼續教育的基本考慮,圖書館員能力的增進圖書館員新專業技術的獲得從生涯發展
4、的觀點去更新圖書館員的專業技術Source:Library Association,UK,繼續教育的類型,從工作中學自我學習內部訓練外部訓練Source:Library Association,UK,繼續教育對”圖書館”的好處,獲得更好的讀者服務獲得更好的表現和生產力獲得更好的推廣者被視為”好”的雇主獲得更有向心力，技術更好的工作人員Source:Library Association,UK,繼續教育對”圖書館員”的好處,獲得更好的技術和工作滿意度處於一個支持繼續教育的環境獲得一個明確的繼續教育架構參加繼續教育課程可做為評鑑其個人工作表現的標準對圖書館學與資訊技術有更進一步的了解增加館員的自信
5、心Source:Library Association,UK,醫學圖書館員的新角色,Teacher of information management skills(資訊管理技巧之教師)Trainer(訓練者)Technology-transfer officers(科技轉移者)Resource builders(資源建設者)Consultants to health care providers(健康照顧人員之資訊顧問)Managers of integrated information services（整合性資訊服務之管理者）,醫學圖書館所需的新技能,Adult education(成人
6、教育)Technology-transfer skills（科技轉移之技巧）Medial languages（醫學語彙）Inter-disciplinarity and teamwork（跨學科與團隊工作）,新衍生的專業議題,Licensure(執照)Accreditation(認可)Certification(證書)Mandated continuing education(強制性的繼續教育),繼續教育的方式,研習會短期課程討論會專業性會議與演講至各相關學系選修或旁聽正式課程參觀其他圖書館參加圖書館內部業務討論會,繼續教育的方式,圖書館在職人員輪調鼓勵館員從事專題研究讓館員以自入的方式研讀其
7、有興趣的專業文獻和交換彼此閱讀心得,繼續教育的方式,在工作職埸時參與在職訓練，加入專業組織，修習各種課程，閱讀專業文獻，出席專業會議，撰寫專業論文，發表專業演講,繼續教育的方式,在工作餘暇時培養相關興趣，觀看相關電影節目及錄影帶，接受各種自學課程，閱讀相關讀物,II.美國地區之狀況,美國MLA之AHIP知名的醫學圖書館相關學程醫學圖書館員繼續教育的進行方式,What is AHIP,AHIP(The Academy of Health Information Professionals)醫學圖書館員之專業技能培養與資格鑑定計畫此計畫就館員之專業素養予以資格檢核證明，除申請為準會員外，亦提供升等
8、的機會給在專業工作上有傑出表現，或對圖書館界的發展有所貢獻者，以鼓勵館員將時間與精力投資於專業能力的提升,What is AHIP,優點樹立醫學圖書館員繼續教育的正確方向確立醫學圖書館員的專業教育與繼續教育的內容分級會員制可刺激榮譽感與進取心鼓勵會員參與學會貢獻時間與精力,What is AHIP,AHIP(The Academy of Health Information Professionals)is a credentialing program started by the Medical Library Association to recognize academic prepa
9、ration,professional experience,and professional accomplishment.Credentialing is different from both certification and licensure.Certification focuses on the attainment of minimal standards;licensure is a legal requirement of certain professions.Academy membership is a designation recognizing the tim
10、e and effort a health information professional commits to professional development activities.,何謂AHIP,AHIP(The Academy of Health Information Professionals)是一個證書計畫，肇始於醫學圖書館學會對學校預備教育、專業經歷、和專業成就的認證。此認證是有別於資格檢定和證照。資格檢定重點是達到最低標準；證照是法律上認定的專業必需條件。而大學成員是被指定為認證健康資訊專業發展活動。,What is AHIP,The Academy of Health I
11、nformation Professionals recognizes the personal investment of time and effort required for exemplary professional achievement throughout your career through(i.e.,publishing,teaching,and leadership positions).Over 1,300 health information professionals at all points in their careers participate in t
12、he academy.Five levels of membership are available,based on an individuals level of professional experience and accomplishments.,何謂 AHIP,健康資訊專業學院依個人在任職生涯中，為了完成專業成就所投入的時間和努力作為認定依據。(例如：出版,教學及領導地位).在大學有超過 1,300 健康資訊專家 參與過.會員乃基於個人專業經歷與成就程度可分成5個層級。,Why should I seek AHIP credentials,Professional Recognit
13、ion（專業認同）Career Planning（事業規劃）Career Advancement（事業成就）Prestige（名氣，威信）Personal Achievement（個人成就）,Benefits,For the Professional Librarian For the professional librarian,academy membership provides a structure for professional development.From the initial needs assessment and mentoring of provisional m
14、embers to the recognition of professional accomplishments of distinguished members,the academy is here to support professional librarians.Membership in the academy recognizes and encourages professional activities,and the AHIP designation demonstrates this commitment to professional development.,Ben
15、efits,For the Employing InstitutionEmploying institutions view academy membership as proof that their librarians are committed to their own professional development and continuing education.Institutions who value academy membership recognize and reinforce the importance the health information profes
16、sional plays in their organization,效益,對專業圖書館員而言 對專業圖書館員而言，大學全體會員為專業發展提供一個制度。最原始需求是基於對會員提供評價和顧問指導進而對卓越的會員進行認證，在這裡大學是支持圖書館員的，由大學成員來認證並鼓勵專業活動，AHIP 是被指定為專業發展的示範單位。對顧用機構而言從顧用機構角度而言，大學會員就如同證明他們的館員是具有專業發展且有持續在進行繼續教育。對機構的價值而言，是促使健康資訊專家在機構的角色更顯重要。,Membership Levels,Provisional Member（準會員）Member（會員）Senior Mem
17、ber（資深會員）Distinguished Member（傑出會員）Emeritus Member（退休榮譽會員）,Provisional Member,American Library Association-accredited M.L.S.or a non-ALA-accredited masters degree with documented course work in all the Essential Areas of Knowledge evidence of current employment in the health information field,with l
18、ess than five years of professional experience in the health information field following the masters degree because they are new to the field of health information sciences,Provisional Members are assigned a mentor and are required to document 8 points of continuing education each year following the
19、 first year of academy membership.,準會員,不論是否為美國圖書館協會所認可的MLS碩士學位都必要提供相關知識領域的課程修習文件證明現職為健康資訊領域,取得碩士學位後至少有5年在健康資訊領域專業經歷 雖然在健康資訊科學領域是新兵,但是臨時會員取得也可以提供必備文件證明是大學會員裡每前有持續進行繼續教育且獲得8學分。,Member,ALA-accredited M.L.S.or a non-ALA-accredited masters degree with documented course work in all Essential Areas of Know
20、ledge five years of professional experience in the health information field following the masters degree 50 points for professional accomplishment in the last five years,會員,不論是否為美國圖書館協會所認可的MLS碩士學位都必要提供相關知識領域的課程修習文件取得碩士學位後有5年在健康資訊領域的專業經歷 在5年內取得50學分的專業知識,Senior Member,ALA-accredited M.L.S.or a non-ALA
21、-accredited masters degree with documented course work in all Essential Areas of Knowledge five years of professional experience in the health information field following the masters degree 80 points for professional accomplishment in the last five years.No more than 50 points may be sponsored instr
22、uction,although all 80 points may be from professional accomplishment.At least 5 of the 80 professional accomplishment points must be from professional organization activities,not necessarily MLA.,資深會員,不論是否為美國圖書館協會所認可的MLS碩士學位都必要提供相關知識領域的課程修習文件取得碩士學位後有5年在健康資訊領域的專業經歷5年內取得80學分的專業知識，也可以從機構中獲取其中50學分。80學分
23、的專業成就中有5學分必須是來自專業組織活動，不一定是在MLA。,Distinguished Member,ALA-accredited M.L.S.or a non-ALA-accredited masters degree with documented course work in all Essential Areas of Knowledge ten years of professional experience in the health information field following the masters degree 120 points for profession
24、al accomplishment in the last five years.No more than 50 points may be sponsored instruction,although all 120 points may be from professional accomplishment.at least 10 of the 120 professional accomplishment points must be from professional organization activities,and at least 5 of the 120 points mu
25、st be MLA activities.,傑出會員,不論是否為美國圖書館協會所認可的MLS碩士學位都必要提供相關知識領域的課程修習文件取得碩士學位後有10年在健康資訊領域的專業經歷5年內取得120學分的專業知識，也可以從機構中獲取其中50學分。120學分中至少有 10學分個專業知識是來自專業組織的活動，以及至少5學分必須是MLA 的專業活動。,Emeritus Member,retired must have been a member of the academy at any level,EXCEPT PROVISIONAL at the time of retirement,and h
26、ave been credentialed/certified by MLA for at least ten consecutive years at the time of retirement.no points are required to renew at this level.Send a written request to the Professional Development department,along with a completed Form EMERITUS and copies of your academy certificate(s)documentin
27、g membership in the academy.,退休榮譽會員,退休退休時必須是會員成員之一，但是臨時會員除外。在退休時至少連續10年獲得MLA 認證資格。在這個層級無須更新任何學分。只要寄一封專業發展部門的書面要求加入榮譽會員並複印在大學的會員資格文件即可。,Essential Areas of Knowledge（七大領域）,Health Sciences Environment and Information Policies（健康科學的大環境和資訊政策）Management of Information Services（資訊服務的經營管理）Health Sciences In
28、formation Services(健康科學資訊服務)Health Sciences Resource Management(健康科學資源管理)Information Systems and Technology(資訊系統與資訊科技)Instructional Support Systems(教學支援系統)Research,Analysis,and Interpretation(資訊的研究,分析,和解釋),Health Sciences Environment and Information Policies,Health sciences librarians must understan
29、d the contexts in which the need for biomedical and related information emerges and the unique ways of perceiving and interpreting these environments.Therefore,they should be alert to changing information and health care environments and major program and policy sources,including:legal,ethical,econo
30、mic,and legislative issues health sciences professions:system,structure,terminology,education and training patterns,and associations and organizations purpose,program,and activities of MLA,the National Library of Medicine(NLM),and related information associations and organizations,Management of Info
31、rmation Services,Leadership in the application of library and information science to the handling of health information resources in complex institutional environments requires specialized knowledge,skill,and understanding of management,including:the institutions mission and the specific mission of
32、the information resource center institutional functional planning processes decision-making strategies human resources management and labor relations staff development,project and program management and evaluation organizational structure and behavior,Management of Information Services,interinstitut
33、ional relations numerical literacy and computational proficiency finance and budgeting,cost analysis and price setting skills in fundraising and proposal writing public relations and marketing facilities planning and space allocation oral and written communication interpersonal relations,Health Scie
34、nces Information Services,Health science librarians require knowledge of the content of information resources and should be skilled in their use.They must understand the principles and practices related to providing information to meet specific user needs and how to assure convenient access to all f
35、orms of information including:information needs of health practitioners,researchers,educators,students,and consumers information seeking and transfer characteristics of user groups and individuals assessment of identified information needs,Health Sciences Information Services,health sciences and oth
36、er information resources and their relevance to specific information needs retrieval strategies and techniques analysis,evaluation,and synthesis of information for identified information needs development of services tailored to meet needs of individuals and groups.(resource sharing,Health Sciences
37、Resource Management,Health sciences librarians must know the theory of,as well as have skills needed for identifying,collecting,evaluating,and organizing resources and developing and providing access to databases including:identification and selection of materials and their sources acquisition of ma
38、terials bibliometric techniques thesauri construction bibliographic tools cataloging and classification theory,Health Sciences Resource Management,national and international standards and conventions including cataloging and filing rules indexing,abstracting,and classification systems inventory cont
39、rol systems serial publications resource conservation and preservation publishing industry trends in information formatting,production,packaging,and dissemination copyright issues,Information Systems and Technology,Developments in technology have reshaped the goals and systems of health sciences lib
40、rarianship and changed the way information professionals function.Health sciences librarians must be able to understand and use technology and systems to manage all forms of information,including:basic principles of automated systems:(record and file construction,computer hardware and software,telec
41、ommunications and networking,database management software),Information Systems and Technology,systems analysis,and artifical intelligence and expert systems human behavior and technology design,use,and evaluation of information systems acquisition,use,and evaluation of information systems integratio
42、n of systems and technology into the long-term information management needs and plans of the institution,Instructional Support Systems,Teaching ways to access,organize,and use information to solve problems is an essential and ever-widening responsibility of the health sciences librarian.Effective in
43、struction entails not only knowledge of the structure and content of specific courses and technology,but also an understanding of and expertise in:learning theory and cognitive psychology curriculum and instructional development instructional systems design,Instructional Support Systems,educational
44、needs assessment and analysis learning style appraisal instructional methodologies evaluation of learning outcomes,Research,Analysis,and Interpretation,Few dispute the librarys responsibility to explore the fundamental nature of biomedical information storage and organization,utilization,and applica
45、tion in learning,patient care,and the generation of new knowledge.In order to conduct and interpret research,the health sciences librarian is called upon to apply knowledge,skills,and understanding of:theoretical basis of health sciences information,education,and clinical practice information struct
46、ure,transfer,and processing,Research,Analysis,and Interpretation,analysis,evaluation,and application of research results methods for evaluating system effectiveness and efficiency statistical theory research methodologies,健康科學大環境與資訊政策,健康科學圖書館員必須瞭解生物醫學和相關資訊顯示的內容，以及能對環境具有獨特的知覺與說明。因此，他們應該能敏銳地感受有關資訊、健康照
47、顧環境、主要計畫及政策資源的改變，包括：法律、道德、經濟、和法律條文。健康科學專業:系統、結構、術語教育、以及訓練模式和協會與組織。MLA目的、計畫、活動，以及相關資訊協會與組織。,資訊服務經營管理,在複雜的組織環境中，將領導應用在圖書館及資訊科學上以處理健康資訊資源，是需要特別的知識技巧和管理的認知。包括：機構的目標和資訊資源中心的特殊任務機構功能性畫過程 決策 人力資源管理與勞工關係職員發展、專案及計畫管理與評估 組織結構與行為,組織間的關係 數字素養與熟練計算 財政與預算，價值分析與價格定位。計畫撰寫技巧 公共關係與行銷 設備計畫和空間配置 口頭與書面溝通 人際關係,健康科學資訊服務,健
48、康科學圖書館員需要的知識，包括：資訊資源內容及具運用的技巧。他們必須瞭解理論及實務間的關係，以提供資訊滿足特殊使用者需求，且兵確知所有資訊形式皆是方便取得的。包括：資訊尋求並因使用者群體或個人之間差異而轉變確認使用者資訊需求的評價 對特殊的資訊需求瞭解健康科學與其它資訊資源間的關聯 檢索策略和技巧 對定義資訊需求進行分析、評估和綜合 整理服務的發展以符合個別及團體需求(資源分享),健康科學資源管理,健康科學圖書館員必須知道定義需求的技巧、蒐集、評估與組織資源和發展及提供取得資料庫的理論。包括：定義及選擇資料與資源 資料的採購 書目計量學方法 索引典結構書目工具 目錄及分類理論,健康科學資源管理
49、,國家與國際的標準和慣例，包括：分類及編目規則索引、摘要及分類系統 目錄控制系統 連續性出版品 資源保存 出版事業 資訊類型、製作、包裝及傳播的趨勢。版權,資訊系統與資訊科技,由於科技改造健康科學圖書館學的目的和系統的發展，也改變了資訊專業功能的方向。健康科學圖書館員必須能夠瞭解和利用科技與系統，以管理所有形式的資訊。包括：自動化系統基本原則:(記錄與檔案結構,電腦硬體與軟體,通信與網路,資料庫管理軟體)系統分析,人工智慧及專家系統 人類行為和技術 設計,利用,與評估資訊系統採構,利用,與評估資訊系統長期性系統與技術的整合資訊管理需求和機構的計畫,教學支援系統,取得,組織,及利用資訊去解決問題
50、的教學方法，是一位健康科學圖書館員基本的責任。有效的教導並不是僅注意特殊課程的知識結構及內容，也必須瞭解專門的技術:學習心理理論和認知課程與教學發展 教學系統設計 教育需求評定和分析 學習型態的評價 教學方法論 學習成果的評估,資訊的研究,分析,與解釋,以圖書館責任的少數爭論去探究“生物醫學資訊在學習上、病人照顧及新知識時代中的保存、組織、利用與應用的基礎本質。為了引導及說明研究,健康科學圖書館員被認為是應用知識、技巧和判斷的依據:健康科學資訊、教育及臨床實驗的理論基礎資訊組織,改變,與過程 研究結果的分析,評估,及應用 評估系統的有效益及效率的方法統計理論 研究方法論,MLA會員認為21世紀
