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1、高层建筑物施工测量中的主要问题是控制垂直度，就是将建筑物的基础轴线准确地向高层引测，并保证各层相应轴线位于同一竖直面内，控制竖向偏差，使轴线向上投测的偏差值不超限。轴线向上投测时，要求竖向误差在本层内不超过5mm，全楼累计误差值不应超过2H/10 000（H为建筑物总高度），且不应大于：30mH60m时，10mm； 60mH90m时，15mm； 90mH 时，20mm。高层建筑物轴线的竖向投测，主要有外控法和内控法两种，下面分别介绍这两种方法。一、外控法外控法是在建筑物外部，利用经纬仪，根据建筑物轴线控制桩来进行轴线的竖向投测，亦称作“经纬仪引桩投测法”。具体操作方法如下：1在建筑物底部投测中
2、心轴线位置高层建筑的基础工程完工后，将经纬仪安置在轴线控制桩A1、A1、B1和B1上，把建筑物主轴线精确地投测到建筑物的底部，并设立标志，如图11-18中的a1、a1、b1和b1，以供下一步施工与向上投测之用。2向上投测中心线随着建筑物不断升高，要逐层将轴线向上传递，如图11-18所示，将经纬仪安置在中心轴线控制桩A1、A1、B1和B1上，严格整平仪器，用望远镜瞄准建筑物底部已标出的轴线a1、a1、b1和b1点，用盘左和盘右分别向上投测到每层楼板上，并取其中点作为该层中心轴线的投影点，如图11-18中的a2、a2、b2和b2。3增设轴线引桩当楼房逐渐增高，而轴线控制桩距建筑物又较近时，望远镜的
3、仰角较大，操作不便，投测精度也会降低。为此，要将原中心轴线控制桩引测到更远的安全地方，或者附近大楼的屋面。具体作法是：将经纬仪安置在已经投测上去的较高层（如第十层）楼面轴线a10a10上，如图11-19所示，瞄准地面上原有的轴线控制桩A1和A1点，用盘左、盘右分中投点法，将轴线延长到远处A2和A2点，并用标志固定其位置，A2、A2即为新投测的A1A1轴控制桩。更高各层的中心轴线，可将经纬仪安置在新的引桩上，按上述方法继续进行投测。二、内控法内控法是在建筑物内0平面设置轴线控制点，并预埋标志，以后在各层楼板相应位置上预留200mm200 mm的传递孔，在轴线控制点上直接采用吊线坠法或激光铅垂仪法
4、，通过预留孔将其点位垂直投测到任一楼层，如图11-21和图11-23所示。1内控法轴线控制点的设置在基础施工完毕后，在0首层平面上，适当位置设置与轴线平行的辅助轴线。辅助轴线距轴线500800mm为宜，并在辅助轴线交点或端点处埋设标志。如图11-20所示。2吊线坠法吊线坠法是利用钢丝悬挂重锤球的方法，进行轴线竖向投测。这种方法一般用于高度在50100m的高层建筑施工中，锤球的重量约为1020kg，钢丝的直径约为0.50.8mm。投测方法如下：如图11-21所示，在预留孔上面安置十字架，挂上锤球，对准首层预埋标志。当锤球线静止时，固定十字架，并在预留孔四周作出标记，作为以后恢复轴线及放样的依据。
5、此时，十字架中心即为轴线控制点在该楼面上的投测点。用吊线坠法实测时，要采取一些必要措施，如用铅直的塑料管套着坠线或将锤球沉浸于油中，以减少摆动。3激光铅垂仪法（1）激光铅垂仪简介 激光铅垂仪是一种专用的铅直定位仪器。适用于高层建筑物、烟囱及高塔架的铅直定位测量。激光铅垂仪的基本构造如图11-22所示，主要由氦氖激光管、精密竖轴、发射望远镜、水准器、基座、激光电源及接收屏等部分组成。 激光器通过两组固定螺钉固定在套筒内。激光铅垂仪的竖轴是空心筒轴，两端有螺扣，上、下两端分别与发射望远镜和氦氖激光器套筒相连接，二者位置可对调，构成向上或向下发射激光束的铅垂仪。仪器上设置有两个互成90的管水准器，仪
6、器配有专用激光电源。（2）激光铅垂仪投测轴线 图11-23为激光铅垂仪进行轴线投测的示意图，其投测方法如下：1）在首层轴线控制点上安置激光铅垂仪，利用激光器底端（全反射棱镜端）所发射的激光束进行对中，通过调节基座整平螺旋，使管水准器气泡严格居中。 2）在上层施工楼面预留孔处，放置接受靶。3）接通激光电源，启辉激光器发射铅直激光束，通过发射望远镜调焦，使激光束会聚成红色耀目光斑，投射到接受靶上。4）移动接受靶，使靶心与红色光斑重合，固定接受靶，并在预留孔四周作出标记，此时，靶心位置即为轴线控制点在该楼面上的投测点。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for im
7、plementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulati
8、ons supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party or
9、ganizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles
10、 of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised hist
11、ory of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party,
12、ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the prob
13、lem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensiv
14、e strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the
15、 deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy require
16、ments; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level le
17、ading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly a
18、dministering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Co
19、nstitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put th
20、e authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great i
21、mportance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Disci
22、pline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, maj
23、or issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsibl
24、e for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regi
25、ons, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of exten
26、sive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the
27、 Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten e
28、ight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a l
29、ong-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authori
30、ty of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16
31、th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution a
32、s a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and
33、 the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the
34、morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and
35、practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problem
36、s of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against th
37、e four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to accor
38、ding to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble mor
39、al pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about
40、 the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority,
41、 seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advoc
42、ate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 wor
43、ds, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and w
44、ork style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the partys advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline
45、norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and extravagance bitter music, put forward the four norms. Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the vital few, ar
46、ound the clean politics, from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the four norms norm norm. The Party members self-discipline norms and party members and leading cadre clean
47、 fingered self-discipline norms, a total of eight, collectively referred to as the eight. Four must and eight of the content from the party constitution and Partys several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the three discipline and eight points for attention statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigra
