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1、英语句子成分划分,Members of a Sentence,什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)补语（complement）。,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型，掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一：（主系表）二：（主谓）三：（主谓宾）四：（主谓间宾
2、直宾）五：（主谓宾宾补）,基本句型 一：（主系表）特点：句子谓语动词 都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。S+V+P 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等,（是系动词）主 系 表1.This i
3、s an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。3.He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4.Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。5.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6.The trouble is that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。,3表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.形容词作表语 You look younger than befo
4、re.名词作表语 My father is a teacher.副词作表语 Everyone is here.介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre.不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.,1）状态系动词 用来表示主语的身份性质或状态特征。只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（表示主语的身份性质）He is ill.他病了。
5、He is very sad.他很伤心。（表示主语的状态）,2）感官系动词:表示人体感官功能的动词look,feel,sound,seem,look,taste,smell等。这类动词加上形容词后，表示人或事物的特征、性质或状态。如：She looks beautiful她看上去很漂亮。He seems angry他好像生气了。He seems(to be)very sad.他看起来很伤心。,3）持续系动词这类动词加上一个表示状态的形容词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度的保持和延续，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。如：He always kept s
6、ilent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜 Doing exercise can keep healthy 锻炼可保持健康。I hope youll keep fit.我希望你身体好。He stayed single.他仍然是单身。,4）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.颜色的变化用turn或go。这类动词加上形容词或形容词性的分词后，表示事物的发展状态。如：,4）变化系动词 You can grow wise by
7、 practice.实践会让你变聪明。Leaves turn green in spring.He gets easily excited when playing computer games.She fell asleep quickly.,4）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样。become,grow,turn,arrive,fall,get，go,come,run,be等后面加上一个表示特征的形容词，表示事态发展的结果。She is getting weaker and weaker 她的身体变得越来越虚弱了。He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。She gr
8、ew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。His cold was growing worse.他的感冒越来越严重了。The milk will soon turn sour.牛奶很快就会变酸。We get wiser as we get old.随着年岁的增长，我们也变得聪明些了。,5)表“像”系动词,appear、seem,appear、seem+,形容词,你似乎很累。,You seem tired.,她好像身体很好。,She appears well.,他好像很开心。,He appears happy.,to do,他似乎喜欢这个。,He seems t
9、o like it.,她看起来像是一个二十岁的女孩。,She seems to be a 20-year-old girl.,that+从句,It seems/appears that+从句,好像他犯了一个错误。,It seemed that he made a mistake.,=He seemed to make a mistake.,他好像在自言自语。,It seems that he is talking to himself.,=He seems to be talking to himself.,seem、appear是除了be动词外唯一可以直接加not表示否定的系动词。,He d
10、oest seem to be her father.,=He seems not to be her father.,The baby doesnt appear to be aweak.,=The baby appears not to be aweak.,seem、appear常与there连用。,那里好像只有一个房间。,There seems to be only one room.,这里好像有一些水。,There appears to be some water.,那里好像明天有一场聚会。,There seems to be a party tommrow.,6）终止系动词表示主语已
11、终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难 His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）,终止类系动词,prove,被证实是,这句话被证实是假的。,This sentence proves false.,turn out,最后，终于,证实他是对的。,He proves right.,他最后终于成功了。,He turned out successful.,三.表语,You
12、 look friendly.,He is a boy.,Five plus two is seven.,They are in the classroom.,My hobby is reading books.,形容词,名词,数词,地点介词,动名词,His job is to look after the children.,The question is what you want to do.,动词不定式,表语从句,当表语是happy、willing、sorry等表示主语的心情的形容词时，后面通常加to do，译为做是的，很去。,我很开心遇到到你。,I am happy to meet
13、you.,听到这个消息，我很抱歉。,I am sorry to hear that.,我很愿意帮你。,I am willing to help you.,有这种父母，我感到很幸运。,I feel lucky to have this kind of parent.,主系表结构,主语,名词,代词,动名词,主语从句,系动词,属性类,延续类,表“像”,感官类,变化类,终止类,be,keep,remain,stay,seem,appear,loook,sound,smell,taste,feel,become,go,turn,grow,come,get,prove,turn out,表语,名词,形容词
14、,地点介词,数词,动名词,不定式,表语从句,1.What Mr White said sounds_.A.friendly B.wonderfully C.pleasantly D.nicely,2.The poor boy _ blind at the age of three.A.turned B.goes C.became D.went,3.His voice_ as if he has a cold.A.sounds B.listens C.hears D.seems,4.It _that he was late for the train.A.looks B.turns C.gets
15、 D.seems,5.These apples taste_.A.to he good B.to be well C.well D.good,6.When I went home yesterday,it was _ dark.A.going B.getting C.running D.coming,基本句型 二：（主谓）主语：可作主语的有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注:名词单数常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同
16、特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,1.S+V 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如:He laughed.John has read widely.He lives in London.,（不及物动词）1.The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。2.The moon rose.月亮升起了。3.The universe remains.宇宙长存。4.We all breathe,eat,and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5.W
17、ho cares?管它呢？6.What he said does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。7.They talked for half an hour.他们谈了半个小时。8.The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。,基本句型 三：（主谓宾）特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等,（及物动词）主谓宾1.Who knows the answer?
18、谁知道答案？2.She smiled her thanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。4.They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。5.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！,4.宾语,宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He lik
19、es to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.,基本句型 四：（主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语 如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+介词+间接
20、宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.,主谓双宾,句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词有answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:Mr.Li told us an interesting story.Would you please give this dictionary to Li
21、 Hua?,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for 的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。,（及物）（多指人）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She co
22、oked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.He denies her nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I showed him my pictures.我给他看我的照片6.I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的汽车。,基本句型 五：（主谓宾宾补）特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们
23、一起构成复合宾语。,主谓宾宾补,5.S+V+O+OC此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如:We must keep our school clean.They made him their monitor.,5宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。如:形容词作宾补Dont make your hands dirty.副词作
24、宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.,省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.,在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有call,name,make,fin
25、d,choose,think,leave等。We call him Jack.They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.,名词/代词宾格+名词The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods make
26、 the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.,（及物）（宾语）（宾补）1.They appointed him manager.他们任命他当经理。2.They painted the door green.他们把门漆成绿色3.Thi
27、s set them thinking.这使得他们要细想一想。4.They found the house deserted.他们发现那房子无人居住。,补语,补语是一种补足主语和宾语意义的句子成分，补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语。可作补语的词语有形容词、名词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。,名词作补语,They named the child Jimmy.他们给孩子取名吉米。We call him Mr.Chen.我们叫他陈老师。The cat is named Kitty.那只小猫名叫Kitty.,形容词作补语,He was found dead.他被发现
28、死了。She boiled the egg hard.她把鸡蛋煮老了。What you said makes me angry.你的话让我生气了。,不定式作补语,He was seen to go upstairs.有人看见他上楼了。Mary ask me to go with her.玛丽叫我和她一起去。We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。,分词作补语,He came home quite sad.他回到家时好难过。I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。We hear her singing in th
29、e garden.我们听到她在花园里唱歌。,介词短语作补语,He came home out of humour.他回到家时很不高兴。Everything was in good condition.一切都好。Miss Liu came into the classroom with a book in hand.刘老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书。,句子成分练习题(一)(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here
30、.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二)选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually g
31、o to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast,Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didnt C.do D.his homework What
32、 I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is We had better send for a doctor.A.We B.had C.send D.doctor He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music Whom did you give my book to?A.give B.did C.whom D.book,(三)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the worl
33、d speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find
34、 the museum on the left.You will find it useful after you leave school.They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.,(四)挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn a
35、bout it.,(五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?,
36、(六)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?,句子成分练习题(三)A1、_ six years since I began to study English.A.It is B.I have been C.There are D.It was 2、_ in t
37、he room at that time.A.Nobody was B.Someone were C.Who is D.He are 3、ITS very noisy outside._ is going on?A.Who B.What C.Which D.Where 4、_ in English in class every day is important.A.Speak B.Talking C.Saying D.To tell5、There must be_ near the factory.A.a book store B.book store C.books store D.book
38、s stores6、Although its raining hard,_ are still working in the fields.A.but they B.and they C.they D.since they,B1、The doctor as well as the nurses _ great concern for the patients.A.show B.shows C.have shown D.are showing 2、Your son must be a clever boy,_ he?A.is B.isnt C.must D.mustnt 3、The comput
39、er center,_ last year,is very popular among students in this school.A.open B.opening C.opened D.being opened 4、I _ go to the shop today,for there is a lot of food at home.A.mustnt B.had to C.cant D.neednt 5、Dont _ excited.A.get B.is C.seem D.look 6 This room _ every morning.A.is cleaning B.is cleane
40、d C.cleans D.cleaning,C1、Glad to meet you!_ is your full name?A.What B.Where C.How D.Who 2、He is _ to lift the heavy box.A.too weak B.weak tooC.enough weak D.weak enough3、The days are _ warmer and warmer in spring.A.getting B.looking C.seeming D.going 4、His job is_English.A.teach B.to teach C.taught
41、 D.teaches 5、Two balls are_.A.under the desk B.in the wall C.to here D.at desks,D1、We should get ready_ others.A.helping B.to help C.help D.help with 2、_interesting work we are doing?A.What a B.How C.What D.What an 3、I want_ a teacher when I grow up.A.to be B.to C.be D.being 4、-Would you like to go
42、on a picnic with me today?-I dont think so.To be honest,I really dont feel like_on apicnic.A.going B.to go C.go D.went 5 Do you know_?A.where does he live B.where he livesC.where he live D.if where he lives 6 Let _ do it again.A.I B.me C.he D.she 7 I dont know_.A.how to do B.what to do C.where to do
43、 D.when to do,E 1、I saw him _ basketball with Jack an hour ago.A.plays B.to play C.played D.play 2、Sorry,weve kept you_ for a long time.A.waited B.sing C.stand D.waiting 3、The teacher told us _ late again.A.arent be B.dont be C.not to be D.not be 4、We find the room very_.A.warm B.warmly C.terribly D.hardly,
