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1、阅读理解,如何推测词语意思,一,利用构词法推测词义,二,根据定义或解释推测词义,三,根据内在逻辑关系推义测词,四,根据上下文的暗示推测词义,五,外部相关因素推测词义,一,利用构词法推测词义,常见的构词法有加前缀、后缀及合成。在推测词义的时候,可以注意目标词的某个部分是否是熟悉的词语,再结合相应词缀的含义确定生词的词义。,利用前缀猜测词义,1.He fell into a ditch and lay there,semiconscious,for a few minutes.,点拨,本句中的semiconscious是一个生词。但其中的词根conscious意为“清醒的、有意识的”。另外,这个词
2、的前缀semi-意为“半、部分的、不完全的”,据此,我们可以推测出该词的词义为“半清醒的,半昏迷的“。,2.Im illiterate about such things.,点拨,本句的词根literate意为“有文化修养的,通晓的”,前缀il-表示否定,因此illiterate指“一窍不通的、不知道的”。,3.Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to roads.,点拨,本句中的inexpensive一词没有在教材中出现,但其词根expensive却是我们所熟悉的单词。由
3、此,我们可以根据构此法,推测出其词义为“not expensive”.,根据后缀猜测词义,1.Insecticide is applied where it is needed.,点拨,这个单词中的后缀-cide表示“杀者、杀灭剂”,结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫),不难猜出其意为“杀虫剂”,2.Then the vapor may change into droplets.,点拨,这个词的后缀-let表示“小的”,词根drop指“滴、滴状物”。将两个意思合起来,便可推出其意为“小滴、微滴”。,3.The first car rental firm opened in Shanghai
4、in 1992 and now 12car rental players are in the game,with more than 11,500cars in their books.,点拨,这一句中出现了生词rental,但我们对rent(出租)一词非常熟悉。再根据rental一词在句中的位置关系,我们可以确定,rental一词在句中应是形容词做定语,修饰后面的名词firm.据此,我们可以推断出其词义应是“出租的”。,二,根据定义或解释推测词义,在阅读理解的文章中,有些词语对于我们来说可能是陌生的。这时,文章可能会对这类词语进行解释。,根据定义猜测词义,在对生词进行定义的时候,定义 的谓
5、语动词多为:be,mean,deal with,be considered,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent,constitute 等。通过定义,我们便可知道生词的词义。例如:,点拨,1.Anthropology is the scientific study of man.,由定义可知,此词的意思是“研究人类的科学”。,2.In slang,the term“jam”constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a diffi-
6、cult situation.,点拨,同样,从上下文的定义可知,jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。,根据复述猜测词义,虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是 提供的信息足以使我们猜出生词词义。复述形式多样,具体的复述方式有:同位语、插入语、定语 从句、举例等。,同位语,根据生词的同位语,可以猜测出生词的义。在复述中构成同位关系的两个部分之间多用逗号连接,有时候也用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。这些标点符号的后面的内容可能是对前面的词语进行解释,或后面的内容对前的词语解释或说明。如:,1.It will be competing for the PalmedOr,the festivals
7、top prize.,点拨,2.Modern medicine began with the stethoscope,a me-dical tool used for listening to the movements of a persons lungs and his heartbeats.,点拨,本句中的PalmedOr是个外来词,当然是我们 不能理解的词语。但它后面的解释清楚地告 诉我们,它就是这个节日的最高奖项的名称,对绝大多数同学来说这个词是个生词,但后面的解释会使我们一目了然,很快就可以推测出它的意思是“听诊器”。,3.The largest playerShanghai Ba
8、shi Tourist Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choicesdeluxe sedans,minivans,station wagons,coaches.The words“deluxe sedans”,“minivans”and“station wagons”used in the text refer to_ A.cars in the making B.car rental firms C.cars for rent D.car makers,点拨,本句的两个破折号都是起解释作用的。第二个破折号后面对choices进行解释。从
9、解释中我们可以推测出,破折号后面的内容是汽车出租公司所提供的汽车种类。由此本题的答案是C。,4.The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water.,点拨,在本句中,破折号后面的内容解释了jetty的词义。据此,我们知道,jetty就是建立在水中的墙,即“防洪堤”。,插入语,插入语“That is”,”That is to say”及并列 连词or也可以对前面的内容进行解释,意为“也就是说”。这些插入语的的后面也是对 前面的词语进行解释。如:,1.Jane is indecisive,that is,she can
10、t make up her mind easily.,点 拨,本句的indecisive是一个生词,但我们通过“that is”后面的解释可以知道,该词意为“犹豫不决的”。,2.Capacitance,or the ability to store electric charge,is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits(电器装置).,点 拨,由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance的词义电容量。,定语从句,定语从句也可以帮助我们理解生词的含义。如:,1.Krabacber suffers from
11、SAD,which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.,点 拨,根据生词SAD后面的定语从句和同位语,我们可以推断出其含义,即“季节性情绪紊乱症“,举 例,根据举例也可以推测生词的词义。恰当的举例也能够提供猜测词义的 重要线索。如:,The result of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small
12、geographical area as they were in the past.,点 拨,句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例,通过它们我们就可以猜出该词的大致词义“重要的”,这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。,三,根据内在逻辑关系推测词义,根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。,根据对比关系猜测词义,在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事 物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有though,unlike,not,but,however,despite
13、,inspite of,in contrast,while等引导或连接的句子。例如:,1.Though Toms face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby.,点 拨,本句的grubby是不熟悉的单词。但本句前面一句中的Though和clean暗示了该词的意思是“dirty(肮脏的)”,2.Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.,点 拨,该例中supe
14、rcilious对许多同学来说是生词但句中短语in contrast可以提示我们和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出其意为“目空一切,傲慢的”。,3.A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.,点 拨,该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词语或短语,但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系,即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义是“熟练的”。,根据比较关系猜测词义,同对
15、比关系相反,比较关系表示 意义上的相似关系。例如:,Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.,点 拨,该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出其词义为“健谈的”。,表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。,根据因果关系猜测词义,在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象 之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关 系推知生词词义。例如:,1.Tom is considered an autocrati
16、c administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.,点 拨,根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic是指“独断专横的”。,2.There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.,点 拨,此句为结果状语从句,根据从句的描述“许多示威者“,我们可推知elbow的意思是“挤、挤过”。,根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义,在句子或
17、段落中,我们也可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词的词义。如:,1.Although he often had the opportunity,Mr.Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.,点 拨,作者为避免重复使用endanger一词,用其同一词jeopardize来替代它,由此推知其词义为“使陷入危险,危及、危害”。,2.Doct
18、ors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.,点 拨,句中detrimental 是个生词,但判断出harmful替代这个词后,不难推断出其词义为“不利的,有害的”。,利用上下文的暗示猜测词义,Holidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo.Swedish businessman Nil Be
19、rgqvist is delighted with his new hotel,the worlds first igloo hotel.Built in a small town in Lap-land,it has been attracting lots of visitors,but soon the fun will be over.In two weeks time Bergqvists ice creation will be nothing more than a pool of water.“We dont see it as a big problem,”he says,“
20、We just look forward to replacing it.,点 拨,本句中igloo是我们从来没见过的单词。看完这句后,我们可以通过定语从句的内容who are bored with baking beachesand over-heated hotel rooms便可了解到这个igloo里面应该很凉爽的。再往下看,下一段又有一句:In two weeks time Bergqvists ice creation(作品)will be nothing more than a pool of water.从本句我们可以了解到igloo这东西就是由ice制作而成的,而且还会化成水。
21、但这个igloo里面可以住人。由此,我们可以推测出igloo意为“冰屋”。,利用外部相关因素猜测词义,外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。如:,1.Husband:Its really cold out tonight.Wife:Sure it is.My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?,点 拨,这段对话中,出现了两个生词numb 和furnace.根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是“冻僵的,冻得麻木的”。这样
22、,要取暖肯定要生“炉子”。据此,我们便可推测出这两个生词的含义分别是“冻僵的”、“炉子,2.The biggest power failure happened yesterday.All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted.,点 拨,本句的melted也可以说是同学们不熟悉的。本句中的ice-cream 和frozen foods在停电的情况下的一种必然的结果就是“溶化”。,3.The snake slithered through the grass.,点 拨,本句中的slithered是一个生词。但根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出其
23、词义为“爬行”。,By.9:45,everybody was having great fun,but no foodhad appeared.Jane and David were restless.Other guestsbegan whispering that they,too,were starving.But no onewanted to leave,just in case some food was about to appear.By 11:00,there was still no food,and everyone wascompletely off their heads.Jane and David left hungryand angry.,The underline words“off their heads”probably mean_A.tired B.crazy C.curious D.hopeless,根据上文staving 和下文的hungry and angry可以推断客人们快变疯了。,点 拨,