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1、英汉翻译漫谈-问题与策略,傅敬民上海商学院2008.3.,翻译的定义,Translation may be defined as follows:the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,f
2、irst in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Eugene A.Nida),英汉翻译中的问题,宏观问题：一、语言问题二、文化问题三、思维问题四、文体问题五、读者问题六、译者的修养问题,译者的修养问题,一、合理的知识结构,至少包括三个方面:坚实的语言功底：词汇、句法、逻辑Dog,dog days,dog-ear,dog-eat-dog,dog-end,dog eye,dogfight,dogged,dog bag,dogleg,2.杂学知识3.双文化底蕴,译者的修养问题,二、一定的翻译理论知识三、了解翻译的不同种类：摘译、编译、
3、改译等四、高度的责任感,英汉翻译中的问题,微观问题：一、词语翻译问题二、句子结构问题三、时态问题四、修辞问题五、成语的处理问题六、语篇问题,英汉语言比较,英语重形合,汉语重意合英语前重心,汉语后重心英语静态,汉语动态英语多物称,汉语多人称英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多复合句,汉语多简单句英语重前饰,汉语多后饰英语重时态,汉语轻时态,一、英语重形合,汉语重意合,形合与意合主要指句与句之间起连接作用的成分是否保留的问题.If I had known it would come to this,I would have acted differently.(早知如此，何必当初?)It was quit
4、e late when we got back,nearly seven oclock in the evening.(我们到家已经很晚,快晚上七点了.),二、英语前重心,汉语后重心,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.(小国人民敢于起
5、来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能战胜大国的侵略。),三、英语静态,汉语动态,The very sight of you makes me nervous.(一看见你就让我感觉不自在。)The quick arrival of the engineers sent by them and their careful examination of all facilities brought about the very speedy restoration of the factorys production.(他们派来的工程师迅速到达，并检查了所有的设备，工厂很快恢复了生产。
6、),四、英语多物称,汉语多人称,Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.(这位曾经给全世界带来笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸。)The seclusion in which they had kept themselves so long,had cut them off from a knowledge of the relation between the nations.(他们与世事隔绝日久，对于国际间错综复杂的关系已经一无所知。),五、英语多被动，汉语多主动,An illustration is furnished by a
7、n editorial in the Washington post.华盛顿邮报的一篇社论提供了一个例证Yet,what I say here will not be long remembered.不过，我在这里所讲的话，人们是不会长久地记住的,六、英语多复合句,汉语多简单句,As we lived near the road,we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine,for which we had great reputation,and I confess,with the v
8、eracity of an historian,that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家，尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。这种酒很有名气。我敢说，尝过的人，从没有挑剔过。我这话像历史学家的话那样可靠。,七、英语重后饰,汉语多前饰,It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.想象与一个有不同想法的人辩论，这是一个很好的计划。The diagnosis seems in every case
9、to correspond exactly with all the sensation that I have ever felt.每次看病的诊断似乎都与我的感觉完全相符。,八、英语重时态,汉语轻时态,Your eyes were unlided,your ears were unstopped,to some part of the beauty and the strangeness of the world.对于世界上某些美丽和新奇的事物，你的被蒙住的眼睛现在睁开了，你的被塞住的耳朵现在开启了,翻译技巧:主语的确定,1.The opportunities are provided fo
10、r the rise of Red political power in small areas.2.Nightfall found him many mile short of his appointed preaching place.3.The delight of the children at the sight of some dish on the table showed that it was a rarity.,reference,1.小地方的红色政权得以乘时产生。2.夜幕降临时，他离他预定的布道地点还有好几英里路呢。3.孩子们看到某一道菜时就眉开眼笑，由此可以推想到他们是
11、难得吃这样一道菜的。,翻译技巧:句序的处理,It is absurd that some politicians are intoxicated with seemingly global affluence when so many African people are starving.A friendly correspondence as neighbors and old acquaintances had continued between me and Mrs.Reads family,who all had a regard for me the time of my firs
12、t lodging in their house.It is popular for the fine views from the summit of the mountain.,reference,这么多非洲人在忍饥挨饿，而一些政客却陶醉在世界表面上的富足之中。这真实荒唐。雷德太太一家人从我第一次住在她们家里开始，就一直对我很关切。我们既是邻居，又是相识多年的老朋友，来往始终未断。从山顶远眺,这儿风景绝佳,遐迩闻名.,翻译技巧:词类转换(1),名词转换成动词:1.My admiration for him grew more.2.They taught us the value of a
13、dollar,took us to church,made us mind.3.To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.,reference,1.我对他越来越敬佩.2.他们教导我们要珍惜每一块钱,带我们去 做礼拜,还教导我们要听话.3.在某种程度上说，这已成了一个先有鸡蛋还是先有鸡的问题.,词类转换(2),介词转换成动词1.This is an argument for,not against,an institutional approach to international problems.2.
14、Their report should be before the British and French governments tonight.3.Shortly after their arrival at the guesthouse,the American party joined their Chinese hosts for sumptuous feast.,reference,1.这是表示赞成在处理国际问题时应有一套机构来商讨的论据,而不是表示反对这种做法.2.他们的报告应当在今夜提交给英法政府.3.美国客人到达宾馆后不久，便同他们的中国主人一道吃了一顿丰盛的宴席。,词类转换(
15、3),形容词转换为动词This program was not popular with all of the troops.Winston was a very classless person.Chinas opening to the West is a helpful policy that should be encouraged by closer ties with the United States.,reference,1.并不是所有的部队都欢迎这个计划.2.温斯顿这个人最不讲究人家的社会等级.3.中国向西方开放的政策是一项好政策,应该通过加强中国与美国的关系加以鼓励.,词类
16、转换(4),副词转换为动词There are more people in India sleeping in the streets than any place else in the world.A dominant power is dominant inherently.I must be off now.The performance is on.,reference,1.在印度，要饭的人比任何国家都多.那里的统治阶层是靠血统一代一代传下去的.2.我现在要离开了.3.演出已经开始了.,词类转换(5),名词转换成形容词1.There is increased demoralizati
17、on.2.He sometimes bore me down more by his fluency than by the strength of his reasons.动词转换为名词1.Numerous abstentions marked the French elections.2.He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.,reference,名词转换成形容词1.士气比以前更消沉了.2.他有时所以能把我难倒，其原因倒不是因为他的理由充足,而是因为他口才好.动词转换为名词1.这次法国选举的特点是弃权的人多.2.他的动机是希望
18、达成某种妥协.,词类转换(6),动词转换为副词In his six consecutive speeches,he indulged in violent attacks on the issue.(在六次连续的演讲中,他一味地对该问题进行猛烈地抨击.)动词转换为形容词Let me see if it works.(让我瞧瞧它是不是坏了.),词类转换(7),副词转换为名词It was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the United States.(官方宣布,他们就给美国的回复取得了一致意见.)其他Necessity
19、mothered two tactical inventions.(处于需要，想出了两项战略手段.),翻译技巧：否定的问题,The Nazis had not instantly withdrawn from Africa or Sicily merely because of threats to their rear.The Nazis had not instantly withdrawn from Africa or Sicily because of threats to their rear.,reference,纳粹过去并没有仅仅由于后方受到威胁而立即从非洲或西西里撤走纳粹立刻从
20、非洲或西西里撤走，并不是因为他们后方受到了威胁,否定的翻译,He is too sensitive not to notice it.He is too sensitive to notice it.You cannot be too careful.They did not part good friends.No word is meaninglessAs with Russia,we can only hope to understand China if only we know something about its past.,翻译技巧：成语翻译,A Judas kissSour grapesTower of ivoryCrocodile tearsBurn ones boatCastle in the air,成语的翻译,Pull ones legEat ones words,成语的翻译,In a pigs whisperCall a spade a spade Neither fish nor fowl,Thank you,
