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1、College English Grammar: Grammar and Writing,By Zhu Xiangjun,Unit 5,Modifiers：Appositives Grammar: Appositives Writing: Correcting: Clutters Rewriting: How to order your ideas,Appositives,An appositive is a noun or a pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify it or give addit
2、ional information about it.Jack is our neighbor.He is a well-known captain. Our neighbor Jack is a well-known captain.An appositive phrase is an appositive plus any words that modify the appositive.St. Peter is one of the most famous forts in Europe.It is often visited by young men in winter. St. Pe
3、ter, one of the most famous forts in Europe, is often visited by young men in winter.,We generally use commas to set off any appositive or appositive phrase that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.She is saving money to travel to Rome.Rome is the capital of Italy. She is saving money to
4、 travel to Rome, the capital of Italy.(The appositive phrase the capital of Italy is not essential because Italy has only one capital.),An essential appositive gives necessary information about a noun and is not set off with commas.The Scarlet Letter is Hawthornes book.The book has been taken as one
5、 of the most controversial love stories. Hawthornes book The Scarlet Letter has been taken as one of the most controversial love stories.(Hawthorne wrote many books, so The Scarlet Letter is necessary to make clear which one is the one of the most controversial love stories.),Apart from indicating a
6、ll meaning of the noun or pronoun it goes along, an appositive can also denote part of its meaning.We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.He is interested in sports, especially ball games. We often see dashes before such expressions as namely and for instance, expressions that introduce apposit
7、ives.All of them namely, most of them have the course.Some vegetables for instance, carrots and garlic can help cure certain diseases.,When a pronoun is followed by an appositive, choose the case of the pronoun that would be correct if the appositive were omitted.We are young men.We should take the
8、task of reconstruction of our homes after the earthquake. We young men should take the task of reconstruction of our homes after the earthquake.She is the best teacher of the college.The college gave her an award for excellence. The college gave her, its best teacher, an award for excellence.,Apposi
9、tive give extra information about the subject but dont change its number. Make sure you dont mistake a word in an appositive for the subject of the sentence. The students each has a dictionary.The students each have a dictionary. E.T. is one of my favorite films.It is directed by Steven Spielberg. E
10、.T., one of my favorite films, is directed by Steven Spielberg.,An appositive provides more information about a noun like an adjective clause. In fact, we may take an appositive as a simplified adjective clause, that is, to omit the relative pronoun and the verb be.Toni Morrison, who is the winner o
11、f Nobel Prize for literature in 1993, is an Afro-American authoress. Toni Morrison, the winner of Nobel Prize for literature in 1993, is an Afro-American authoress.He has sent a thank-you letter to the company, which is a friendly acquirer in a takeover. He has sent a thank-you letter to the company
12、, a friendly acquirer in a takeover.However, not all adjective clauses can be reduced to appositives in this way - only those that give extra information and also have a form of the verb to be (is, are, was, were).,1. Kinds of appositives,Appositives usually appear in four forms.1) Single appositive
13、 The most common type of appositives is single appositive which is a noun or a noun phrase used to identify or rename a noun in a sentence and sometimes may instead repeat a noun for the sake of clarity and emphasis:Titanic was a great ship.The ship was in Southampton.The ship sailed on April 10th,
14、1912.Its destination is New York. The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912.,2) Multiple appositives Two, three, or even more appositives may appear alongside the same noun to give an explanation or extra information:My house was flooded.All of my school work
15、got washed away.My school work includes physics, literature, sociology, and calculus All of my school workphysics, literature, sociology, and calculusgot washed away when my house was flooded. Commas or dashes may be used to set off an appositive. Dashes are useful to prevent confusion when the appo
16、sitive itself contains commas. Also, using dashes instead of commas serves to emphasize the appositive.,3) List appositives List appositives often go before a pronoun such as all or those or everyone. The pronoun helps to clarify the subject by drawing the items together though it is not essential t
17、o the meaning of the sentence: the opening list could serve by itself as the subject. The hill seems to impact on me.The river seems to impact on me.Even the tree seems to impact on me.Even the piece of rock seems to impact on me. The hill, the river, even the tree, the piece of rock, all seem to im
18、pact on me.,4) Negative appositives Most appositives identify what someone or something is, but there are also negative appositives that identify what someone or something is not. Negative appositives usually begin with a word such as not, never, or rather than.Male students are unlikely to take nur
19、sing classes at school.Female students are most likely to take nursing classes at school. Female students, not male students, are most likely to take nursing classes at school.People are the real creators of the history.Heroes are hardly the real creators of the history. People, rather than heroes,
20、are the real creators of the history.,2. Position of appositives,An appositive most often appears directly after the noun or pronoun it identifies, explains or renames:He told me this by himself.His uncle is named Jim.His uncle is a black poet.His uncle is world-famous. He himself told me that his u
21、ncle Jim is a world-famous black poet.,Occasionally, an appositive may comes before a word that it identifies or renames. When at the beginning of a sentence, the appositive is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence.Mexico City has many archaeological sites.These sites are interes
22、ting.Mexico City is the biggest city in the world. The biggest city in the world, Mexico City has many interesting archaeological sites.,An appositive may also be placed at the very end of a sentence. The end appositive is usually given a special emphasis. Compare:a) The train finally arrived and tw
23、o young menone big and broad，the other small and slightstepped onto the platform.b) The train finally arrived and two young men stepped onto the platformone big and broad, the other small and slight. The appositive in sentence A merely interrupts the sentence to give extra information while it marks
24、 the climax of the sentence B.,Exercises 1: Combine the sentences in each set into one sentence with an appositive phrase.,He is now an American citizen.He is a person of French origin. A person of French origin, he is now an American citizen.Thomas Jefferson may be less famous than George Washingto
25、n.Thomas Jefferson may be less famous than Abraham Lincoln.Thomas Jefferson is the third president of the United States. Thomas Jefferson，the third president of the United States，may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.They put the tools in place.The tools are of my new busines
26、s.The tools are currycomb, brush and pitchfork. They put in place the tools of my new businesscurrycomb, brush and pitchfork.,Who is that man?The man is the first in the front row. Who is that man, the first in the front row?5. Mary is planning to attend the university.I know some most intelligent g
27、irls.Mary is one of them. Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university.6. My favorite professors gave talks.Dr. Harry and she are my favorite professors.The talks were interesting. My favorite professors, Dr. Harry and she, gave interesting talks. 7. Grandmoth
28、er left her money.The money was given to her favorite people.Simon and I were her favorite. Grandmother left her money to her favorite people, Simon and me.,Clutters,“Clutter” in writing may be described as anything that clogs up the channel between the writers imagination and the readers experience
29、. When revising, we should aim to cut out any language that is vague, empty, or repetitious. In other words, clear out the deadwood, be concise and get to the point! Dont use a dependent clause if a phrase will do. Dont use a phrase if a word will do.,1. Reduce Long ClausesWhen revising, try to redu
30、ce long clauses to shorter phrases. Most attributive clauses that begin with “who/that, which + be” can be reduced to phrases by deleting the part “who/that, which + be”. Most adverbial clauses that begin with “a pronoun + be” can also be reduced to phrases by deleting the part “a pronoun + be”.Word
31、y: I met a young lady who was still in her teens.Concise: I met a young lady still in her teens.Wordy: When you are in difficulty, you may ask for her help.Concise: When in difficulty, you may ask for her help.,2. Reduce Phrases Similarly, try to reduce phrases to single words:Wordy: What will happe
32、n in the event that you fail again?Concise: What will happen if you fail again?Wordy: As the Minister says, the number of the people regularly going in for sport has risen by 95 thousand.Concise: As the Minister says, the number of the people regularly training has risen by 95 thousand.,3. Avoid Emp
33、ty Openers Avoid “There be” as a sentence opener when it adds nothing to the meaning of a sentence: Wordy: There is nothing unusual there.Concise: Nothing is unusual there.Wordy: There was a steep rise in prices.Concise: Prices rise steeply.,4. Avoid Redundancies Redundancies are needless words that
34、 add nothing (or nothing important) to the meaning of our writing. Check out the following list of common redundancies and replace them with precise words or delete the words with overlapping meanings while writing.,advance (forward) (advance) warning add (an additional) (brief) summary classify (in
35、to groups) combine (together) (completely) destroyed connect (together) drop (down) enter (into) (final) conclusion,join (together) kneel (down) meet (together) might (possibly) mix (together)present (time) reason is (because) rise (up) slow (speed) small (size) warn (in advance),Exercises: Cut clut
36、ters from the following sentences, but dont cut details or change the writers meaning.,There was a thief running across the street.The reason why he didnt come is because he was ill.Young people are often unhappy when they are with their parents.Workers are constructing a building that is meant for
37、storage.My grandmother is someone who is admired very much by her family. My older daughter Jenney was the first to get up.There will be a rise in unemployment next year.Although it was a task that has not yet been finished, I believe it will be carried on. The Cross is the one that has been adapted
38、 by Christians as their symbol.We grew many different vegetables including cabbages, beans, eggplants, potatoes, tomatoes, and etc.,Correcting:1. A thief was running across the street.2. because 3. when they are 4. that is meant 5. is someone who 6. My older daughter Jenney got up first.Unemployment
39、 will rise next year. it was a task that has not yet been finishedThe Cross is the one that has been adaptedand etc,The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer, more complex ones. If there are some mistakes, cor
40、rect them.,Passage 1(Adapted from Lesson 15, New Concept English by L.G.Alexander) The secretary told me a thing. Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous. I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk. I entered. I sat down. He told me something about the firm. Business was very
41、bad. The firm could not afford to pay salaries. The salaries were so large. Twenty people had already left. I knew it. My turn had come. I said , Mr.Harmsworth, My voice was weak. He said dont interrupt, He smiled, he told me a surprise. I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!,Passage 2(Ada
42、pted from Lesson 21, New Concept English by L.G.Alexander) Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad. I live near an airport. I can hear the passing planes night and day. They built airport years ago. For some reason they could not use it then. Last year, they used it later. The noise must drive people a
43、way. Over a hundred of them have left from their homes. Few people did not move. I am one of them. A passing plane will knock down this house. Sometimes I think so. They offered a large sum of money to me. They wanted me to go away. I am determined to stay here. I must be mad. Everybody says so. They are probably right.,
