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1、所以对乌克兰人来说俄♥罗♥斯&hearts库队确实是强敌SotheRussianmilitaryisreallyanovermatchfortheUkrainians.有可能很快就会演变成一场暴♥动♥Itwillprobablyquicklydissolveintosortofaninsurgency,就像在伊♥拉♥克♥和阿富汗看到的那样likewesawinIraqandAfghanistan.消息人士说美国官员担心SourcessayofficialsintheUS基辅可能在几天内落入俄&he
2、arts;罗♥斯♥之手fearthatKyivcouldfalltoRussiawithindays.俄♥罗&hearts撕♥对我们的军事设施和边防人员Russiacarriedoutstrikesonourmilitaryinfrastructure进行了袭击andborderguards.（2022年2月23日弗拉基米尔泽连斯基）乌克兰许多城市都听到了爆♥炸♥声InmanyUkrainiancities,explosionswereheard.他们IE在飞向机场轰炸机场Theyareflyingtoward
3、stheairport,bombingtheairport.可以听到正在交战Youcanhearthatthereisabattle.（乌克兰）去基辅最快的方法是经过戈斯托梅利FastestwaytoKyivwasthroughHostomel.（基辅戈斯托梅利）他们向机场设施开火Uh,theyopenedfireontheairportfacilities.（基辅郊外的戈斯托梅利机场）（AN-225梦想运输机全世界最大的战略运输机）（维塔利鲁登科中校乌克兰国民警卫队）你可以看到被烧毁的梦想运输机Youcanseethedestroyed,burnedMriya.是俄♥罗&hea
4、rts;斯♥人.Eh,theRussians.使用hitit一枚非制导导弹击中的withanunguidedmissile.他们直接飞到跑道上Theyflewstraighttotherunway开始攻击我们的防空部队andstartedhittingourairdefenseunits.一二三四五六One,two,three,four,five,six,七八seven,eight.他们没有想到会有抵抗Theydidnotexpectresistance.我们开始击落直升机Webeganshootingdownchoppers摧毁俄♥罗♥斯&heart
5、s库队andtodestroyRussiantroops.太好了！Yes!Yes!这是基辅的第一道防线ThiswasthefirstlineofdefenseofKyiv.两天来我们的士兵没有让他们降落Fortwodays,ourboysdidnotletthemland.（谢尔盖索洛琴科志愿者）俄♥国♥人确实设法占领f机场TheRussiansdidmanagetocapturetheairport.但他们上气衰败了Buttheylostmomentum.在撤到安全距离以外后Afterwemovedtoasafedistance,我们用大炮摧毁了机场weusedo
6、urartillerytodamagetheairfield.这样我们就有时间调动防御力量Thatway,wegainedtimetomovethedefenseforces阻止敌人入侵基辅rtoblocktheenemyfrominvadingKyiv.如果俄军能够在那一刻取得成功HadtheRussianmilitarybeenabletosucceedinthatmoment,那将能够使其把最精锐的部队itwouldhavebeenabletodeliveritsmosteliteforces直接送到基辅的前线straighttothefrontlinesofKyiv.因此乌克兰军队So
7、theabilityoftheUkrainianmilitary成功在戈斯托梅利机场toresistthatairborneinvasion抵抗空中入侵attheHostomelAirport可能是整场战争的转折点isprobablytheturningpointoftheentirewar.他们没能进入基辅F是裹步不前了WhentheyfailedtoparadeintoKyiv,theyfroze.逐渐演变成了场全面战争Itturnedintoafull-scalewar.（基里洛布达诺夫乌克兰情报局）转折点：原♥子♥弹♥与冷战第三章体制疯狂在冷战
8、初期IntheearlyyearsoftheColdWar,美国不仅把核武器当作可以使用的东西theUnitedStatestreatednuclearweaponsnotonlyasiftheyweresomething而且认为可以在核武器攻击下生存thatcouldbeused,butsomethingthatcouldbesurvived.（在原♥子♥弹♥袭击卜生存）让我们毫无惊慌地面对1.etusface,withoutpanic,当今时代的现实therealityofourtimes,原♥子♥弹♥有一
9、天可能会落在我们的城市.thefactthatatombombsmaysomedaybedroppedonourcities.让我们为生存做好准备Andletusprepareforsurvival.20世纪50年代人们付出巨大的努力Inthe1950s,therewasanimmenseeffortgiven来完美地计划核战争将如何在美国展开toperfectlyplanninghownuclearwarwouldunfoldintheUnitedStates.联邦政♥府&hearts泼起了Andthefederalgovernmentlaunchesawholeseries一
10、系列公众教育活动ofpubliceducationcampaigns让美国为核战争做好准备togetAmericareadyfornuclearwar.（目标你）你是那些践踏自♥由♥的人们的目标Youarethetargetofthosewhowouldtramplethelibertiesoffreemen.你正处在爆♥炸♥地点的港星上Youareinthecrosshairsofthebombsites.敌人是.Anenemyis.美国向其公民传递的信息TheUnitedStateswasprovidingmessagestoitsc
11、itizens既令人恐惧又自相矛盾thatweresimultaneouslyterrifyingandnotterriblycoherent.一方面他们传达出信息Ontheonehand,themessagewasthattheSovietUnion说苏联是一个恶魔般的国家一心想要摧毁美国WaSthisdiabolicalnationthatwashell-bentonAmericandestruction.这是一个威胁Thatthiswasanexistentialthreat.今天每个州每个城市和城镇Today,everystate,everycityandtown,都在敌人的打击范围之
12、内iswithinstrikingrangeofadeterminedenemy.另一方面联邦政♥府♥告诉美国人遇到一场核灾难Ontheotherhand,itwastellingAmericansthatanuclearholocaust是绝对可以劫后余生的wasabsolutelysurvivable.你可能会在核攻击中幸存下来Somethingthatyoucouldprobablysurvivebygoingtoafalloutshelter只要你前往辐射避难所intheeventofanuclearattack,或者在自家后院自建一个辐射避难所orinve
13、stinginafalloutshelterforyourownbackyard.（民防）他们在1950年启动了一个名为“民防”的项目Theyhaveaprogramthatstartsupin1950calledCivilDefense.主要考虑是我们不想被这些武器攻击但有这种可能性Theideais,wedontwanttobeattackedbytheseweapons,butwemight.如果被袭击了有些人会直接死掉Andifwedo,yeah,somepeoplearejustgonnadiestraightout,但会有人远离炸♥弹♥区域butther
14、earegonnabepeoplewhoareatadistancefromthatbomb,他们的做法就很重要了wherewhattheydomatters.先躲起来然后寻找掩护First,youduck,andthenyoucover.躲避掩护是最早期的大型运动之一DuckandCoverisoneofthefirstbigcampaigns,训练孩子们在核弹来袭时躲到课桌底下trainingchildrentogetundertheirdesksifanuclearbombiscoming.不是因为你的课桌有魔法Notbecauseyourdeskismagical.如果炸&hearts
15、;弹♥把你和你的课臬都烧成灰烬了那课桌也没用Ifthebombincineratesyouandyourdesk,yourdeskisntgonnahelp.但是因为有一定的距离Butbecausetherearedistancesatwhichdoingthat就可以防止天花板塌下来砸到你isgonnapreventtheceilingcollapsingonyou,这样你就有可能活下来andyoumightsurvivethatway.警报器响了Asirenwentoff.我们被要求列队进入走廊Wewerealltoldtofileintothehallway.我们必须跪在地
16、上Wehadtogetdownonourhandsandkneesandput-把手指放在脑后1.aceourfingersbehindourheads把我们的脑袋抵在储物柜的底部andkeepourheadsagainstthebaseofthelockers.我们在那里的时间太久了我都抽筋了WeremainedthereforsolongthatIgotcrampedup.然后校长来说：”如果发生核战争Andthentheprincipalcameandsaid,Thisisthewayyoumustremain你们必须保持这样因为父母会来这里找你们ifthereisanuclearwar
17、becauseyourparentswillcomehere前提是他们还能来”iftheycanandfindyou.那句”前提是他们还能来”Thatphrase,iftheycan,在我小时候一直萦绕在我心里stayedwithmeasalittlegirlforaverylongtime.如同噩梦一般Nightmares,nightmares,nightmares.这种恐惧难以言喻Thefearistremendous.孩子们去上学都要佩戴狗牌Childrenwerewearingdogtagstoschool.这种金属标识牌Thisrighthereisthemetalidentific
18、ationtag就是我们敦促美国所有儿童和青少年thatweareurgingeverychildandteenagerinAmericatowear尽快佩戴的assoonaspossible.这些孩子要过多久才能意识到Howlongdidittakethosechildrentorealize,”等等这东西是为了让父母以后能找到我的尸体的”？Wait,thisissothatmyparentscanfindmybodylater?想到随时都可能发生核爆&hearts丁炸♥Andtheideathatitcouldhappenatanymoment,想到我们随时都离潜在的核爆&h
19、earts;炸♥thatwewereminutesawayatanytime只有几分钟的距离fromapotentialnuclearblast,而且造成的破坏可能是毁灭性的andthedamagecouldbedevastating.核战争几乎成为美国Nuclearwarbecomesthebackdrop做所有事情的背景ofalmosteverythingthattakesplaceinAmerica.人们真切地感受到共&hearts产♥主义正在大步向前Therewasarealsensethatcommunismwasonthemarch.共♥产
20、♥主义正在世界范围内取得成功Thatcommunismwassucceedingaroundtheworld.这种恐惧促使政♥府♥官员鼓励我们来研制更多的炸♥弹♥吧Thatfearpushesgovernmentofficialstoencourage,Let,sdevelopmorebombs.我们来研制更大的炸♥弹♥吧Letsdevelopbiggerbombs.众所周知这促使杜鲁门批准研制氢弹ItencouragesTruman,famously,toapprovedevelopingthe
21、hydrogenbomb.（1952年）历史在遥远的太平洋中部翻开了最不祥的一页Historyturnsitsmostominouspagefaroutinmid-Pacific,（马绍尔群岛）在埃尼威托克环礁whereintheEnewetakAtoll,世界上最厉害的武器正在准备引爆theworldsmostawesomeweaponisreadiedfordetonation.陆海空三军在科学家的监督下TheArmy,Navy,andAirForceworkagainsttime,争分夺秒地underthesupervisionofscientists,（伊鲁吉拉伯岛马绍尔群岛埃尼威托克
22、环礁）研制热核武器whohavelaboredforyearstodevelopthethermonuclearweapon.从原♥子♥弹♥到热核弹的转变Theshiftfromanatomicbombtothermonuclearbombs是朝着比投向广岛和长崎的原♥子♥弹♥isamovetoweaponsordersofmagnitudelarger大几个数量级的武器转变thantheatomicbombsdroppedonHiroshimaandNagasaki.热核装置不仅是一个更大的原♥
23、子♥弹♥Athermonucleardeviceisnotjustalargeratomicbomb.这是一个完全不同的过程It,safundamentallydifferentprocess.原♥子♥弹♥依靠核裂变原子分♥裂♥Anatomicbombreliesonnuclearfission,splittingofatoms,而氢弹热核装置whereasahydrogenbomb,athermonucleardevice,依靠核聚变和原子的结合reliesonnuclearfusionands
24、ortofthecombinationofatoms.第一枚可爆♥炸♥的热核装置Thefirstworkablethermonucleardevice在杜鲁门政♥府&hearts沫期被研制出来了comesintheclosingdaysoftheTrumanAdministration,并进行了所谓的“迈克试爆”anditstestedinwhatwasknownastheMikeTest.（常春藤行动“迈克试爆”1952年11月1日）还有几分钟就能看到第一名飞行员拍摄的常春藤行动“迈克试爆”画面了Wehaveminutestogobeforethef
25、irstflier,sMikeshotofOperationIvy.如果一切按计划进行Ifeverythinggoesaccordingtoplan,我们很快就会看到地球上有史以来最大的一次爆♥炸♥wellsoonseethelargestexplosioneversetoffonthefaceoftheEarth.现在距离引爆时刻还有30秒Itisnow30secondstozerotime.请戴上护目镜或把头转过去Putongogglesorturnaway.直到第一道光亮闪过十秒后才可以摘下护目镜或面罩Donotremovegogglesorfaceburst
26、untiltensecondsafterthefirstlight.“迈克试爆”非常成功TheMikeTestwasaverysuccessfultest.威力比预想的还要强大Itwasevenmorepowerfulthanitwasexpectedtobe.相当于1050万吨♥TNT炸♥药♥ItwastenandahalfmilliontonsequivalentofTNT.二六接近原爆点Two-six,approachinggroundzero.伊鲁吉拉伯岛彻底消失了Elugelabiscompletelygone.这里只剩海水了Nothingt
27、herebutwater.中间的岛屿轮廓就是以前的伊鲁吉拉伯岛即“原爆岛”TheoutlinedislandinthecenterisformerElugelab,thezeroisland.两侧与其他岛屿连接的部分已被炸断Sectionsoftheislandsoneithersidehavebeenchoppedoff.弹坑的直径约为1.6公里Thecraterisroughlyamileindiameter.从侧面看弹坑逐渐向下倾斜最大深度Inprofile,thecratergraduallyslopesdowntoamaximumdepth约为53米ofsome175feet,相当于
28、17层楼的高度orequivalenttotheheightofa17-storybuilding.与纽约的天际线相比ComparedtotheskylineofNewYork,这意味着以帝国大厦为中心thismeansthatwiththeEmpireStateBuildingaszeropoint,仅火球就能吞没大约四分之一的曼哈顿岛thefireballalonewouldengulfaboutone-quarteroftheislandofManhattan.这件事震惊了所有目击者Theeventhorrifiedandshockedeveryone或是看到相关报道的人whowitne
29、sseditorreadaboutit.公众对此争论颇多Andyouhaveamuchmorepublicdebateaboutit,包括曾参与曼哈顿计划的一些人includingrealhorrorbysomeofthepeople也表现出了真切的恐惧whohadbeenpartoftheManhattanProject.多年来奥本海默认为美国人♥民♥需要知道Foryears,OppenheimerbelievedthattheAmericanpeopleneededtoknow核军备竞赛的存在thattherewasanucleararmsrace.是否寻求国际
30、原♥子♥能♥机♥构♥管控的决定Thedecisiontoseekornottoseekinternationalcontrolofatomicenergy,是否尝试研制氢弹的决定thedecisiontotrytomakeornottomakethehydrogenbomb,这些都源于复杂的技术问题thesearerootedincomplextechnicalthings.但这些触及我们的道德底线了Buttheytouchtheverybasisofourmorality.这对我们来说是非常危险的Itisgravedang
31、erforus这些决定都是根据保密的事实做出的thatthesedecisionsaretakenonthebasisoffactsheldsecret.他想告诉美国人♥民♥这些武器的破坏性有多大HewantedtoinformtheAmericanpeopleofhowdestructivetheseweaponswere.阿尔伯特爱因斯曾写到AlbertEinsteinhimselfwrote,“这将导致全人类的灭亡”Generalannihilationbeckons.这些武器的破坏性如此之大Thesewerethekindofweaponsthatweres
32、odestructive以至于总统们意识到如果我们卷入核战争thatpresidentsrealizedthatifweevergotinvolvedinanuclearwar,那会是文明的终结对吗？itwouldbetheendofcivilization,right?什么都不会留下Therewouldbenothingleft.（艾森豪威尔就职典礼1953年1月20日）艾森豪威尔当选后Eisenhower,afterhewaselected,得知了第一-颗氢弹试爆的消息wasinformedaboutthefirsthydrogenbombtest.他当时被吓到了Hewasjustshak
33、en.在人类从黑暗走向光明的漫漫朝圣之旅中Howfarhavewecomeinmanslongpilgrimage,我们已经走了多远了？fromdarknesstowardthelight?我们接近光明了吗？Arewenearingthelight?全人类实现自♥由♥与和平的一天到了吗？Adayoffreedomandofpeaceforallmankind?（艾森豪威尔就职演说1953年1月20日）还是另一夜的夜幕正在向我们逼近？Oraretheshadowsofanothernightclosinginuponus?科学似乎已经准备好Scienceseemsre
34、adytoconferuponus赐予我们最后的礼物了asitsfinalgift,即把人类从这个星球上thepowertoerasehumanlife彻底抹去的能力fromthisplanet.苏联领导人在得知此次试爆后也感到十分震惊TheSovietleadersalsowereshockedwhentheyreadaboutthistest.负责整个警♥察♥系统AndLavrentiyBeria,以及情报机构的拉夫连季贝利亚whowasinchargeofthewholepoliceandintelligenceapparatus,召集了一批已经在研究氢弹的科
35、学家pullstogetherscientistswhohavealreadybeenworkingonthehydrogenbomb,他在写给斯大林的备忘录上说andpreparesamemoforStalinsaying,“这将是非常昂贵的但我们的敌人E在研制Thiswillbeveryexpensive,butourenemiesaredevelopingit,所以我们也必须研制”sowehavetodevelopittoo.1953年苏联试爆了所谓的夹心蛋糕设计In1953,theSovietUniontestedtheso-calledlayercakedesign,其爆&heart
36、s;炸♥威力约为40万吨♥TNT炸♥药♥whichhadayieldofabout400kilotons.这种情况会引发某种心理战Thissituationthenopensthingsuptoakindofwarofnerves.（马绍尔群岛比基尼环礁）1954年美国准备引爆一次核爆♥炸♥1954,andtheUSpreparedtosetoffanuclearexplosion其威力会使广岛和长崎的原♥子♥弹♥爆♥炸♥相形见细thatwo
37、ulddwarftheatomicblastsatHiroshimaandNagasaki使其只能与小型鞭炮相提并论tothecategoryofsmallfirecrackers.迄今为止试爆的最新和威力最大的原子武器Thenewestandmostpowerfulatomicweaponyettested将在南太平洋马绍尔群岛中部引爆wastobedetonatedintheSouthPacificinthemidstoftheMarshallIslands.（马绍尔群岛比基尼环礁）喝彩城♥堡&hearts丁试爆是在TheCastleBravotestwasdone位于太平洋
38、核试验场的比基尼环礁进行的inthePacifictestinggroundsatBikiniAtoll.那里是美国早在20世纪40年代末ThatwasthelocationwhereoneofthefirstAmericanatomicbombs第一次测试原♥子♥弹♥的地方weretestedbackinthelate1940s.太平洋的其他环礁上是有人居住的TherewerepeopleontheotheratollsinthePacific.因此他们完全没有意识到Sotheywerecompletelyunaware,也没有做好应对氢弹爆&hea
39、rts;炸♥的准备unpreparedtodealwiththeexplosionofthehydrogenbombs.“喝彩城♥堡&hearts广试爆成为了核时代最可怕的时刻TheCastleBravotestbecomesthescariestmomentyetofthenuclearage.我们并不真正了解热核弹的工作原理Wedidntreallyunderstandhowthermonuclearbombsworked,当天在场的科学家和军方领导人andthescientistsandthemilitaryleaders都被自己看到的景象吓坏了whowere
40、presentthatdaywerehorrifiedbywhattheysaw因为他们看到的爆♥炸♥其规模和威力becausewhattheysawwasabombthatwentoffseveraltimeslarger都比他们想象的要大好几倍andmorepowerfulthananythingthattheyhadimagined.（喝彩城♥堡♥”试爆1954年3月1日）喝彩城♥堡&hearts丁试爆的爆♥炸♥威力本来是700万吨♥级的TheBravotestwasmeant
41、tobesevenmegatons,但结果却是1500万吨♥级butitturnedoutitwas15megatons.事实证明爆♥炸♥规模比我们想象的大三倍Itturnsouttobethreetimeslargerthananythingwehadimagined.1500万吨♥的爆♥炸♥威力Fifteenmegatonsofexplosivepower.一个6.4公里宽的火球Afour-mile-widefireball所及之处几乎所有东西都蒸发殆尽thatevaporatesalmosteveryth
42、inginitspath.当地人居住的环礁和岛屿Theatollsandislandspopulatedbythenatives都受到了辐射的影响wereaffectedbytheradiation.他们中的许多人都能看到爆♥炸&hearts产生的蘑菇云在上升Manyofthemcouldseethemushroomofthatexplosiongoingup.他们说太阳其实是从西边升起的Theyweretalkingaboutthesunactuallycomingfromthewest而不是东边insteadofcomingfromtheeast.我是在岛上长大的Igrewu
43、pontheisland.（内森劳孔马绍尔群岛公民）我记得人们总是生病Irememberpeoplewerereally,reallysickallthetime.婴儿出生时他们的后脑没有脑克你知道吗？Babieswereborn,andnoshelltothebackoftheirhead,youknow?可以看到他们的大脑Youcouldseetheirbrain.比基尼环礁周围区域TheareaaroundBikiniAtoll,即所谓的安全区theso-calledsecurityareaandzone,所有的船只都被清空了wasclearedfromalltheships.或者说至少
44、他们努力这样做了Oratleasttheytriedtodothat.但有一艘日本渔船福龙五号♥ButoneoftheJapanesetrailers.LuckyDragon,最终出现在爆♥炸♥区域内了endedupintheareaoftheexplosion.氢弹的破坏力太强大了Thedestructivepowerofthehydrogenbombwassopowerfulthat远远超出了试爆氢弹的美国人的估计itfarexceededtheestimatesofAmericanswhotestedit.所以即使船只在安全区外Soeventho
45、ughtheshipwasoutsidethesecurityzone,（田中照美长崎幸存者反核倡导者）依然有很多放射性沉降物therewasalotOfradioactivefallout.我们称之为死亡灰烬Wecalleditthedeathash.这是一-桩国际丑闻Itwasaninternationalscandal.日本是唯一遭到核武器袭击的国家Japan,theonlycountryhitbynuclearweapons,也成了这种新武器的首批受害者之一becomesoneofthefirstcasualtiesofthisnewweapontoo.渔夫的遗愿是Thefisherm
46、ansdyingwishis,“让我做最后一个被这种可怕武器杀死的人”Letmebethelastpersonkilledbythisawfulweapon.1我们当时并不知道如何使用核弹Wedidntreallyknowhowtousenuclearbombs.这是一项新技术Thiswasanewtechnology,军方需要学习如何使用其作战andthemilitaryneededtoIearnhowtofightwithit.他们学习的方式Andthewaythattheylearned就是在全世界发射大量核弹wasbyfiringoffalotofnuclearbombsallovertheworld.包括在拉斯维加斯的沙漠进行国内核试验.includingdomesticnucleartestinginthedesertaboveLasVegas.这可能是美国Thisisprobablythehighwatermark公开核战争计划的最高♥潮♥ofthenationspublicnuclearwarplanning.有文件和计划显示Thereweredocumentsan
